[Les fondamentaux] L’open source vu par une chercheuse – Amel Charleux
L’Open Source vu par une chercheuse – Amel Charleux
Sommaire
- 1 L’Open Source vu par une chercheuse – Amel Charleux
- 2 Présentation d’Amel Charleux
- 3 Les matériaux qui servent de base aux recherches d’Amel
- 4 Où Amel publie-t-elle ses recherches ?
- 5 La proximité avec l’industrie
- 6 Les cours dispensés par Amel à l’université
- 7 La coopétition entre chercheurs
- 8 La collaboration avec l’industrie : le cas d’OpenRail
- 9 Souveraineté et Open Source
- 10 Les dynamiques inter-personnelles à l’intérieur d’un projet
- 11 Les intéractions à l’extérieur du projet
- 12 Les évolutions des modèles économiques Open Source vues par Amel
- 13 L’impact du cloud sur les modèles d’affaires
- 14 L’impact de l’IA sur les modèles d’affaires
- 15 Conclusion
- 16 Pour aller plus loin
- 17 Production de l’épisode
- 18 Licence
Walid : bienvenue à toutes et à tous pour ce nouvel épisode de Projets Libres. On reprend une série qu’on a commencé il y a bien longtemps sur les modèles économiques du logiciel libre. Aujourd’hui, on va regarder cela sous le prisme de la recherche. Vous allez voir, ça va être assez intéressant et certainement très complémentaire à ce qu’on a pu faire avant. Si vous voulez en savoir plus avant de commencer cet épisode, je vous invite à aller voir l’épisode 9 de la saison 2, dans lequel, avec Raphaël Semeteys, mon compère qui est là aujourd’hui, et Goneri Le Bouder, nous avions fait une introduction au modèle économique du logiciel libre. Ça pourrait être intéressant, si par hasard, il y a des termes qu’on aborde aujourd’hui et qu’on n’explicite pas directement, vous pouvez vous référer à cet épisode.
Donc aujourd’hui, je suis ravi d’avoir avec moi Amel Charleux, qui est maître de conférence à l’université de Montpellier. Amel a été citée dans un épisode, qui était l’épisode 10 de la saison 3, où on parlait de la création de la fondation OpenRail et du logiciel OSRD : Open Source Railway Designer. C’est Loïc Hamelin qui présentait Amel. Et donc, je me suis permis de la contacter parce que ça m’intéressait d’avoir son point de vue en tant que chercheuse sur toutes les thématiques qu’on aborde, Raphaël et moi.
Et donc, Amel, écoute, bienvenue sur le podcast Projets Libres. Merci d’avoir répondu positivement à notre invitation.
Amel : merci à vous pour l’invitation.
Walid : donc, pour cet épisode, comme d’habitude, je suis avec mon compère Raphaël Semeteys qui se passionne lui aussi pour tout ce qui tourne autour des modèles économiques et de la gouvernance des logiciels libres. Raphaël, bienvenue à toi, j’espère que tu vas bien.
Raphaël : ça va, ça va. Super content d’être là.
Présentation d’Amel Charleux
Walid : parfait. Eh bien, rentrons tout de suite dans le fil du sujet. Pour celles et ceux qui ne te connaîtraient pas, Amel, est-ce que tu pourrais commencer par te présenter et nous donner un peu ton parcours ? Qu’est-ce que tu as fait et comment est-ce que tu en arrives à être chercheuse à l’université de Montpellier ?
Amel : eh bien, bonjour à tous. Merci encore à tous les deux pour cette invitation. Ce n’est pas forcément un exercice auquel on est très habitué en tant que chercheur, le podcast, mais c’est un format intéressant où on peut effectivement présenter un certain nombre de choses. Comme vous l’avez bien expliqué, je suis maître de conférence à l’université de Montpellier. Je fais partie du laboratoire MRM, donc Montpellier Recherche en Management. Mon parcours, rapidement : j’ai fait un master au sein de cette même université il y a un certain nombre d’années. Et puis, je suis partie travailler, j’ai fait notamment des stages, un certain nombre de stages. Et l’un d’eux, je l’ai réalisé dans ce qu’on appelait à l’époque une SS2I, donc une société de service en ingénierie informatique, qui était Kaliop, je pense que certains connaissent.
Et donc, ils avaient quelques projets qu’ils déployaient grâce à des outils, des logiciels open source. Et donc, c’est vrai que ça a été ma première rencontre avec l’open source, ce stage. Puis ensuite, il se trouve que j’ai rencontré mon mari lors de ce stage, qui lui est ingénieur informaticien, qui travaille énormément sur l’open source, donc Hugues Charleux. Et donc voilà, chemin faisant, c’est des sujets sur lesquels on parlait beaucoup. Et ce travail sur l’open source, en tout cas ce stage, a fait naître des questionnements. Voilà, il a fait naître des questionnements parce que ce qu’on nous apprenait à l’école, ce n’était pas tout à fait ce que je voyais dans ce stage-là.
C’est vrai que le code ouvert, un produit ouvert, une communauté, de la collaboration, je ne comprenais pas. Je n’avais pas, en tout cas, les lentilles ou les lunettes adaptées pour ça. Je suis partie travailler quelques années et puis c’est resté un petit peu en fond, ça a tourné en fond dans ma tête, ces interrogations. Et à un moment donné, je me suis dit « il faut que je creuse davantage ». Et donc je suis repartie toquer à la porte de l’université en proposant ce sujet. On va dire que j’ai toujours aimé l’école, apprendre, et j’avais envie de creuser vraiment cette thématique-là. Ma directrice de thèse a accepté de m’encadrer à l’époque, c’est Anne Mione. On a travaillé sur ce sujet de l’open source qui était, en tout cas au niveau du laboratoire Montpellier Recherche en Management, assez nouveau. Puis j’ai soutenu et j’ai terminé ma thèse. J’ai fait mon doctorat et puis j’ai passé le concours et j’ai été recrutée ici dans la même université. Voilà un peu pour le parcours.
Walid : mais je pense que c’est un sujet qui, globalement, n’est pas forcément beaucoup traité, en fait.
Amel : assez peu. Tu as raison, Walid.
Alors, il y a des chercheurs qui travaillent sur ces thématiques, mais on est un peu des originalités dans les laboratoires. On va dire que souvent, ça relève plus de ce qu’on appelle chez nous du terrain de recherche. C’est-à-dire qu’on va s’intéresser par exemple à l’innovation et puis on va se dire « allons voir comment ils innovent dans les communautés open source ». Mais la thématique de recherche, c’est plutôt plus largement l’innovation.
Amel Charleux
Ou alors, on va travailler sur la comptabilité et puis on va aller regarder comment ça se fait dans tel ou tel terrain. Et donc finalement, l’open source, ça relève plus d’un terrain de recherche où on va de temps en temps aller voir comment se passent certaines choses, plus que de réellement un concept ou un thème de recherche. Cela a été des discussions assez longues au sein du groupe de recherche auquel j’appartenais : est-ce que l’open source relevait plutôt de mon terrain de recherche ou est-ce que c’était le concept sur lequel vraiment je travaillais ? Et donc moi, j’ai vraiment souhaité travailler sur le concept. Ça ne s’arrêtait pas juste à un terrain de recherche, on appelle ça l’objet de mes recherches.
Les matériaux qui servent de base aux recherches d’Amel
Walid : et justement, si on parle de l’objet de tes recherches, donc tes recherches portent sur l’open source. On se posait la question avec Raphaël de la manière dont tu travaillais. Quels sont les matériaux que tu utilises dans le cadre de tes recherches ?
Amel : alors, pour la recherche en gestion, en tout cas, on a plusieurs façons de procéder, on a plusieurs méthodes. On peut faire ce qu’on appelle du quantitatif : on va aller chercher des bases de données, ou alors on va collecter via des questionnaires des réponses qu’on va traiter ensuite de façon très quantitative. Mais on a aussi ce qui se fait énormément, et notamment en France, les Américains, les Anglo-Saxons font plutôt du quantitatif.
Nous, en France, on aime bien ce qu’on appelle les recherches qualitatives, donc les recherches qui sont plus contextualisées, qui sont basées sur davantage de compréhension de l’environnement. Et on va travailler davantage sur des entretiens. On va multiplier les entretiens, les échanges avec les personnes du terrain, donc les professionnels. C’est ce qu’on appelle les données primaires. On va les collecter directement auprès des personnes qui nous intéressent. Et puis ensuite, on a tout ce qu’on appelle les données secondaires, qu’on va venir croiser avec ces données primaires. Et donc ces données secondaires, ça va être tout ce qu’on trouve sur Internet, les sites, les rapports financiers, les comptes rendus, tous les documents auxquels on peut avoir accès dans les entreprises si on le demande et qu’elles acceptent de nous les communiquer, etc. Donc on va croiser, moi en tout cas personnellement, je fais du mix. Il m’est arrivé de faire aussi du quantitatif, mais je vais avoir davantage tendance à aller sur du qualitatif et du contextuel, et donc à collecter plutôt des entretiens, des données primaires, que je vais croiser aussi avec des données secondaires, pour ensuite avoir une compréhension des phénomènes, on va dire. Et donc cette compréhension, elle est très contextualisée. On fait toujours très attention à bien expliquer dans nos papiers. Je ne sais pas si vous en avez lu un ou deux, mais on essaye toujours de bien expliquer que c’est très contextualisé, qu’on ne peut pas généraliser nos résultats parce qu’on n’est pas sur une recherche de vérité absolue, mais sur de la compréhension très contextuelle.
Raphaël : j’ai une question concernant le périmètre de ta recherche initiale déjà, et puis même actuelle, lors de ta thèse, parce que l’open source, c’est assez global. Donc là, tu es rattachée à une unité qui s’occupe du management. Du coup, le périmètre de tes recherches, il est général comme ça ou il va être avec un angle spécifique qui serait lié à ça, au management ?
Amel : alors, dans le laboratoire, on est organisé par thématiques, on va dire. Il y a le groupe comptabilité, il y a le groupe RH, ressources humaines, il y a le groupe système d’info, il y a le groupe contrôle de gestion, et puis il y a le groupe stratégie, enfin il y a plusieurs groupes, entrepreneuriat. Et donc, on fait partie de certains groupes en fonction de nos appétences. Moi, par exemple, je fais partie du groupe organisation, où on va aller étudier comment s’organisent les structures. Donc, c’est assez large. Et sous ce chapeau-là, personnellement, ce que je vais regarder, ce que j’ai pu regarder par le passé, ça va être, par exemple, les modèles d’affaires et la gouvernance des projets open source. Ce sont des questions qui sont liées à des thématiques plutôt de pérennité, par exemple. Et puis ensuite, ce qui m’a beaucoup intéressée, je pense que ça aussi, on va en parler peut-être un peu plus tard, ce sont les relations interorganisationnelles : c’est une thématique aussi que je vais creuser justement sous l’angle de l’open source pour essayer de comprendre comment l’open source transforme, change les relations interorganisationnelles ou interpersonnelles aussi. Donc ça, c’est un peu les thématiques sur lesquelles j’ai une appétence et sur lesquelles je travaille. Mais je pourrais très bien peut-être, je ne sais pas moi, au fur et à mesure de mon cheminement, m’orienter vers l’étude de la comptabilité, dans les projets ou d’autres thématiques, ce n’est pas fermé. On peut vraiment avoir des carrières où on évolue, on change de thématique en fonction aussi des rencontres, de ce qui se présente. C’est vrai que c’est une liberté assez intéressante.
Raphaël : merci. Je pense qu’on va reparler de cet aspect-là, un peu interaction, notamment relation. Ce n’est pas un angle qui est souvent mis en avant par l’open source, donc je suis très content de t’avoir ici.
Walid : vous ne pouvez pas avoir le sourire de Raphaël (rires). Là, tu étudies l’open source, mais avec un focus plutôt francophone. Ou est-ce que tes recherches portent aussi sur des communautés, des outils, des manières de faire qui seraient plutôt anglophones ou d’autres pays en dehors de la francophonie ?
Amel : on va dire qu’au départ, pour comprendre un petit peu, expliciter ce qu’est l’open source, le phénomène, d’où ça vient, etc., on ne peut pas rester uniquement sur la France ou la francophonie. Donc, on est obligé d’ouvrir et de regarder ce qui émerge outre-Atlantique, quelles sont les tendances, etc. Donc, j’ai fait tout un travail, notamment le travail que j’ai fait sur les modèles d’affaires, c’est un travail que j’ai fait de façon très transverse. Il n’y avait pas de frontières, on va dire. Puis, à d’autres moments, effectivement, il peut arriver qu’on se concentre sur un cas particulier. Et là, on va aller regarder soit en particulier ce qui se passe en France ou alors en particulier ce qui se passe dans une communauté ou un projet. Et donc là, on a travaillé sur un projet belge, par exemple, qu’on a étudié de façon plus approfondie. C’était un intérêt du chercheur, mais c’était aussi une opportunité dans la mesure où on avait accès à ce terrain-là. Donc on a pu aller faire plein d’entretiens, mener plein d’entretiens et avoir accès à pas mal de documentations et de données. Donc voilà, on a travaillé sur ce cas. Mais il n’y a pas, on va dire, de volonté ferme de rester sur la France ou sur les projets français ou francophones.
Où Amel publie-t-elle ses recherches ?
Walid : où est-ce que tu publies tes recherches ?
Amel : alors, sur les publications, on va avoir plusieurs axes. C’est vrai que nous, en tant que chercheurs, on est plutôt encouragés à publier dans des revues scientifiques. Donc, je publie dans des revues scientifiques, francophones notamment, quand on écrit en français. Donc, vous allez avoir la revue SIM, la revue Innovation, Terminal. Ce sont quelques revues francophones qui s’intéressent en tout cas à l’open source, parce que ce n’est pas forcément évident de publier sur ce thème dans n’importe quelle revue. Donc, on cible aussi les revues scientifiques dans lesquelles on va publier. On va aller rentrer en discussion avec des communautés qui s’intéressent à ces sujets-là, et donc qui se représentent dans ces revues-là. Au niveau européen, je vais peut-être publier dans European Management Journal, où on a eu une publication récemment.
En fonction de la langue qu’on va choisir, du cas qu’on va choisir, on va cibler des revues scientifiques plus ou moins internationales. Et donc ça, c’est l’axe prioritaire. C’est là-dessus qu’on est évalué en tant que chercheur : sur cette publication scientifique dans les revues. Alors de plus en plus, on s’intéresse aussi à la façon dont on va vulgariser nos recherches, les diffuser : c’est une tendance de fond assez importante dans les universités et dans les laboratoires, où on essaye de décloisonner justement, de faire un peu d’open source, parce que finalement, ce qu’on publie dans les revues, eh bien, en tout cas, c’est rarement consulté ou rarement lu par les professionnels eux-mêmes. Et donc, ça percole peu dans le terrain. Et ce qu’on veut, c’est avoir davantage d’impact en tant que chercheur et que nos recherches aient une utilité réelle, au-delà même de la construction simplement de la connaissance, parce qu’on construit de la connaissance, c’est très intéressant.
Amel Charleux
Donc intellectuellement, c’est très stimulant, mais on est encouragé et je pense que c’est une motivation que la plupart des chercheurs partagent à aller un cran plus loin et à diffuser davantage. Et donc, c’est vrai que les formats de podcast ou alors de table ronde auxquels je vais pouvoir participer, de sessions thématiques que je vais pouvoir organiser, ce sont des choses qui sont encouragées et que je fais de plus en plus.
Walid : c’est vrai que dans d’autres domaines qui ne sont pas l’informatique, il y a des relations assez fortes entre les chercheurs et l’industrie. Je me posais la question, parce que dans le domaine de l’open source, en tout cas francophone, je ne suis pas sûr que ça soit encore très développé. Pourtant, effectivement, c’est quelque chose qu’on essaye de mettre en avant aussi au niveau du podcast, c’est quelque chose qui nous intéresse beaucoup pour avoir un point de vue différent. Nous, on le vit plutôt en tant que professionnels, donc c’est quelque chose qu’on vit au quotidien d’une manière ou d’une autre, qu’on a vécu, mais toi, tu as un angle où tu peux prendre du recul et regarder et avoir un angle qui est certainement très différent d’une autre.
La proximité avec l’industrie
Walid : justement, j’allais te poser la question de la manière dont tu pouvais aussi vulgariser les tables rondes, comme je mettrai des liens dans la transcription, mais les tables rondes que tu as pu faire à des salons comme Open Source Experience, qui sont aussi un bon moyen d’apparaître avec les industriels aussi. Je ne sais pas, c’est quelque chose que tu fais régulièrement ? Est-ce qu’on te contacte pour faire ça ? Comment ça se passe ?
Amel : alors, Open Source Experience, c’est vrai que je l’ai fait plusieurs fois et puis ça a été aussi pour moi une base très importante de collecte de données. C’est-à-dire qu’au tout début de ma thèse, quand il a fallu aller collecter des données, faire des entretiens, c’est là que je suis allée chercher mes interlocuteurs. Et c’est vrai que l’avantage avec Open Source Experience, et puis finalement l’écosystème open source, c’est que les gens sont plutôt contents de parler de leur travail, de ce qu’ils font et de comment ils le font. Donc la collecte des données a été assez facile, ce qui n’est pas forcément le cas dans toutes les industries. Donc ça, c’était plutôt quelque chose de positif. Open Source Experience a été un peu une ressource pour moi au départ. Et puis ensuite, je pense que… J’ai rencontré, j’ai discuté, j’ai échangé, j’ai interviewé, puis finalement des relations se créent, des liens se tissent, et je suis revenue régulièrement à l’Open Source Experience. Je pense que c’est un rendez-vous quand même assez classique pour l’écosystème francophone, côté business en tout cas. Pour revenir sur ton interrogation et ton questionnement sur le lien entre la recherche et le monde industriel, professionnel, c’est vrai qu’initialement, en gestion, je ne vais pas forcément parler pour les autres disciplines. Je ne vais pas parler de la médecine ou de la biologie ou de l’informatique, mais vraiment pour la gestion. Initialement, pour être enseignant en gestion ou chercheur en gestion, il fallait avoir une certaine expérience. Et il fallait même, c’était plutôt valorisé, d’être en contact avec le terrain, d’avoir des missions. J’écoutais un podcast justement de Jacques Igalens, qui est un chercheur très, très important en gestion, qui expliquait qu’au départ, lui, il faisait beaucoup de conseil et qu’il avait trois missions : la recherche, l’enseignement et cette activité professionnelle très terrain. Et puis finalement, c’est vrai qu’il y a eu un espèce de glissement et aujourd’hui : un enseignant-chercheur va faire de la recherche, de l’enseignement et puis beaucoup d’administratif. Le volet contact avec le terrain, travail avec le terrain, en tout cas en tant que professionnel, a cédé la place à davantage de missions institutionnelles. Moi, par exemple, je dirige un diplôme, je m’occupe des relations internationales au sein de ma composante. Donc, des missions que j’appelle institutionnelles, pas tellement administratives, mais qui, du coup, laissent peu de place, finalement, pour être vraiment en prise avec le terrain. Donc, ce glissement, finalement, il nous a un peu coupé des praticiens en tant que chercheurs en gestion. Et donc, les seuls moments où on est en contact avec les praticiens, c’est quand on va les observer, les regarder, s’entretenir avec eux. Mais on n’est pas dans l’action avec eux.
On est très peu dans l’action avec eux. Mais ça, c’est très français et francophone, par contre. Les Anglo-Saxons, eux, le côté business en tant que chercheurs, c’est très débridé, c’est très accepté. Tous les chercheurs font du conseil à côté. Il n’y a pas de problématique éthique, on va dire, par rapport à ça. Alors, je ne me positionnerai pas sur cette question, mais c’est vrai qu’il y a aussi des enjeux d’indépendance qui peuvent être importants quand on va faire du conseil et se faire payer pour faire des choses, tout en travaillant à l’université. C’est vrai qu’il y a des questions de liberté académique, surtout sur des problématiques ou des sujets un peu plus sensibles, en pharmacie, des choses comme ça. En open source, en gestion, c’est peut-être moins grave.
Amel Charleux
Et donc finalement, ce lien entre les chercheurs et les professionnels, finalement, il s’est un peu pas rompu, mais en tout cas, il est maintenu que par le côté recherche, et pas le côté pratique. Et donc, c’est vrai que le fait de pouvoir aller à l’Open Source Experience, même en dehors du côté entretien propre à une thématique de recherche, le fait d’y aller régulièrement, ça me permet de prendre la température un peu des sujets qui sont intéressants pour la communauté, pour l’écosystème, quels sont les problèmes des praticiens, à quoi ils sont confrontés, etc. Donc, finalement, cette présence, moi, me nourrit énormément, au-delà même de la publication d’un article. C’est vraiment d’être au fait de ce que vivent les praticiens.
Les cours dispensés par Amel à l’université
Walid : justement, pour terminer sur cette partie, tu donnes des cours qui sont liés à tes recherches. Tu as des promotions d’étudiants que tu supervises et qui travaillent sur ces sujets-là avec toi, c’est ça ?
Amel : je n’ai pas des étudiants qui travaillent directement, exclusivement sur l’open source, parce que je n’ai pas un diplôme en gestion des communautés open source ou des projets open source, ce qui serait d’ailleurs peut-être assez intéressant à monter. J’ai plus des étudiants qui sont là et qui font de la gestion. Donc, ils vont faire de la RH, du marketing, de la compta, de la stratégie, de la théorie des organisations, des choses comme ça. J’interviens sur la théorie des organisations, par exemple, qui est quelque chose de très théorique, classique, mais je vais aussi essayer d’amener des éléments liés à mes recherches, toujours. Toujours, je me présente et je leur présente un peu mes recherches. Et puis je vais essayer d’avoir des sessions, des zooms, on va dire, sur comment fonctionne l’open source. On va présenter les choses classiques. Et puis je vais essayer d’amener un modèle alternatif, si on va parler de la propriété intellectuelle. Je vais venir parler du copyleft, alors que c’est quelque chose qui n’est pas forcément abordé par ailleurs dans les cours classiques. Donc, je vais toujours essayer d’amener des études de cas aussi. Plutôt que de faire une étude de cas sur, je ne sais pas moi, Sony, Samsung, Ikea ou Renault, je vais leur faire une étude de cas sur une entreprise de l’open source, un projet, je ne sais pas moi, on va prendre Red Hat, on va faire une étude de cas sur Red Hat, sur son modèle économique ou des choses comme ça. Donc c’est vrai que j’amène l’open source et mes thématiques de recherche par petites touches, on va dire, tout au long du parcours des étudiants. Et après, je peux intervenir aussi, de temps en temps, on peut faire appel à moi pour un cours en particulier, un séminaire en particulier, où je vais pendant trois heures ou quatre heures ou cinq heures parler exclusivement de l’open source.
La coopétition entre chercheurs
Raphaël : oui, j’ai une question concernant la communauté, mais cette fois-ci des chercheurs en fait. Comment ça se passe, les relations, notamment en Europe, mais aussi peut-être avec des collègues outre-Atlantique ? Est-ce qu’il y a de la compétition, de la coopétition ? Comment ça fonctionne, ça ?
Walid : il a placé « coopétition », ça y est ! (rires)
Amel : ça y est ! Bien joué ! Alors oui, clairement, il y a de la coopétition. Mais en fait, la coopétition, c’est vrai qu’en tant que concept de recherche, c’est quelque chose d’assez récent.
Walid : rappelons peut-être ce que c’est que la coopétition pour les auditrices et les auditeurs qui n’ont pas écouté les épisodes précédents.
Amel : oui,
Donc la coopétition, c’est un concept qui traduit le fait d’être en coopération avec un concurrent. Donc d’aller coopérer avec quelqu’un que je suis plutôt censée éliminer. Théoriquement, dans la théorie classique des organisations et notamment la perspective très concurrentielle de Porter, je suis censée éliminer mon concurrent pour avoir un avantage concurrentiel et asseoir ma position et dominer le marché. La coopétition vient nuancer ça, et donc permet d’avoir une vision un peu alternative des relations et de dire que finalement, ce n’est pas tout blanc ou noir. On n’est pas juste amis ou ennemis, mais qu’en fonction des circonstances, des besoins, des situations, on peut avoir besoin de collaborer avec un concurrent à un moment donné.
Amel Charleux
Donc la coopétition va s’intéresser à la façon dont on fait ça, comment bien faire ça. Quelles règles respecter, justement, pour qu’il n’y ait pas de l’opportunisme, pour que ça ne se retourne pas contre celui qui fait de la coopétition. Donc, coopétition, effectivement, un thème de recherche sur lequel j’ai beaucoup travaillé et que j’ai trouvé très intéressant à travailler dans les communautés open source, justement. Mais j’y reviendrai peut-être après.
Je réponds à ta question, Raphaël, sur les communautés de chercheurs : on peut être soit chercheur solitaire, et travailler énormément seule. Personne ne va venir nous dire, « non, non, il faut absolument que tu collabores ou que tu travailles en équipe ». C’est vrai qu’on a beaucoup de liberté. On est un peu des entrepreneurs et on mène notre barque un peu comme on le souhaite. On fait la carrière, on construit la carrière qu’on souhaite avoir. Alors moi, j’ai tendance à préférer travailler avec des collègues et on est nombreux à faire ça. Donc, on va développer des collaborations qui émergent souvent lors de colloques. Donc, c’est un peu notre Open Source Experience à nous. Alors, on en a plusieurs par thématique, justement : il y a des colloques spécialisés en comptabilité, d’autres sur les RH, d’autres en SI. Il y en a qui sont un peu plus transverses, des colloques en gestion, plus généraux. Et donc là, on va aller souvent présenter nos travaux, ce sur quoi on est en train de travailler, donc ce qu’on appelle des communications, on va communiquer. Et puis, on a des salles où on a des collègues. Et c’est comme ça que se créent des connexions. On se dit « Ah, mais attends, moi je suis en train de travailler sur ça aussi. Regarde, on peut peut-être avancer ensemble. » Et puis, c’est comme ça qu’on collabore.
Voilà, on collabore et que se crée la communauté scientifique. C’est vraiment autour de ces colloques et de ces communications. On n’a pas vraiment d’espace particulier en ligne où on va aller proposer des sujets ou alors un GitHub des chercheurs, par exemple. On n’a pas vraiment ça. Ou on va lancer une idée, ou commencer un article, et puis quelqu’un viendrait se greffer, compléter, incrémenter, etc. On n’a pas vraiment ça. Donc, c’est pour ça qu’il y a un peu de compétition dans le sens où on travaille quand même par petits groupes ou par silos. Alors, ça reste toujours un peu bienveillant, mais un peu de concurrence sur certains sujets. Quand il y a trop de monde sur certains sujets, on essaye d’être celui qu’on voit le plus ou qu’on va le plus citer ou on va essayer de se différencier, on va dire, d’avoir une petite différenciation malgré tout. Donc, il y a un peu des mécaniques qu’on retrouve en entreprise aussi, de différenciation dans cet écosystème-là.
Walid : dans notre écosystème, on a un salon très important qui s’appelle FOSDEM, dans lequel il y a des discussions. C’est plutôt un salon à la base de développeurs, mais dans lequel il y a des discussions qui ne sont pas des discussions de développeurs. Je pense en particulier tout ce qui concerne le légal, les politiques européennes, etc. Et donc, dans lequel il y a des discussions hyper intéressantes et qui sont aussi un endroit où se retrouvent des gens qui travaillent sur ces sujets-là. Je me posais la question de savoir si ce sont des endroits où vous pouvez aller, vous retrouver ? Est-ce que tu es déjà, par exemple, allée dans ce salon, qui est à Bruxelles, qui est en général toujours le premier week-end de février ?
Amel : alors, le FOSDEM, ça fait des années que je me dis, bon, allez, cette année, je le fais. Allez, cette année, je le fais. On a aussi des contraintes de temps pour être tout à fait très pratico-pratique, j’ai envie de dire. Alors, c’est vrai que c’est un salon plutôt de développeurs. Mais c’est des choses qui m’intéressent aussi et je pense que je pourrais vraiment me nourrir de beaucoup de choses dans ce salon. Ce serait très intéressant par rapport à mes recherches. Mais à un moment donné, il faut aussi que je fasse des choix très pratiques par rapport au temps. C’est-à-dire que si je vais faire deux colloques de recherche plus une ou deux tables rondes, ça va déjà me prendre beaucoup de temps. Et puis aussi, il y a des questions de financement puisque tous ces déplacements, tous ces salons… Ces colloques, il faut que ce soit financé. Et on n’a pas forcément les budgets illimités dans nos laboratoires publics. Il faut qu’on fasse des choix. Mais je le ferai. C’est quelque chose auquel je pense en tout cas depuis quelques temps. Mais un jour, je le ferai.
Walid : moi j’y vais quasiment tous les ans depuis bien longtemps. Heureusement pour nous, les conférences sont enregistrées et retransmises. Et c’est, je dois avouer, ma matière principale pour travailler sur le podcast, les conférences du FOSDEM.
Amel : c’est vrai que ça, c’est intéressant. Mais on est plus dans « on prend ». Et c’est vrai qu’on ne crée pas forcément les connexions.
Walid : non, il faut être là-bas physiquement.
Amel : voilà, il faut être là-bas physiquement pour créer la conversation, créer l’échange et pouvoir aller creuser sur certains.
Raphaël : et Dieu sait qu’au FOSDEM, ça, ça existe là-bas.
Amel : les connexions ?
Raphaël : oui, il y a beaucoup de monde. C’est très dynamique. On y rencontre plein plein de gens, c’est hyper intéressant.
Amel : Loïc y va souvent.
Walid : ouais, Loïc Hamelin d’OSRD et d’OpenRail et moi, j’ai rencontré en physique des gens que j’avais interviewés ou j’ai pris contact avec des gens que je voulais interviewer au FOSDEM. Le meilleur exemple, c’est… il y a des salles de conférences, par exemple la salle de conférences Social Web, donc c’est là-bas que je vais trouver des idées. Par exemple, j’ai rencontré les gens de Mobilizon, que j’ai interviewé (ici), je leur ai parlé là-bas, je me suis présenté et tout. C’est une occasion assez unique pour rencontrer des gens et leur parler. Si on n’est pas timide, on peut prendre quelqu’un, lui demander cinq minutes. C’est vraiment génial. J’en parle à chaque épisode, je pense, du FOSDEM.
La collaboration avec l’industrie : le cas d’OpenRail
Qui est en lien avec ce qu’on vient de dire. Moi, j’ai découvert ton travail à travers justement la collaboration que tu as faite autour de la création de la fondation OpenRail. Donc, fondation, métier, qui a pour but de partager du logiciel créé par les gestionnaires d’infrastructures des pays européens. Et maintenant, ça sort même des pays européens, puisqu’il y a aussi l’ONCF, le Maroc, qui s’est joint de mémoire à ça. Donc, une des questions que je me posais là-dessus, c’était ton rapport à l’industrie. Est-ce que cette collaboration avec la SNCF, c’était quelque chose de ponctuel ? Comment ça s’est passé ? Et puis, la question suivante, bien entendu, c’est qu’est-ce que toi, en tant que chercheuse, tu as retiré de cette collaboration ? Comment tu as participé ? Qu’est-ce que tu en as retiré de cette collaboration ?
Amel : oui, donc c’est une collaboration qu’on a commencée à la toute fin de ma thèse. En tout cas une stagiaire que Loïc avait recrutée pour travailler sur cette question-là, était tombée sur un de mes articles sur les modèles d’affaires. Et donc, elle lui a fait lire et ils se sont dit « Ah, mais c’est tout à fait ce sur quoi on est en train de travailler. » Et donc, ils m’ont contactée et puis on a commencé par une réunion, puis deux, puis ça s’est monté un petit peu comme ça. Ils m’ont présenté le projet qu’ils avaient, et puis l’aide dont ils avaient besoin, on va dire, pour pouvoir avancer. Et donc c’est parti quand même de cet article de recherche. Je disais tout à l’heure que finalement les praticiens ont du mal à accéder à ces articles parce que c’est toujours un peu long, il y a un cas théorique, il y a la méthodologie, des fois avant d’arriver au résultat, il faut s’accrocher. C’est pour ça qu’on essaye de faire des versions un peu plus light dans des médias un peu différents que des revues scientifiques, mais parfois c’est lu. Et ça, c’est un exemple justement de quelqu’un du terrain, d’un praticien qui s’est plongé dans un article scientifique et qui a trouvé qu’il y avait de l’intérêt. Et donc ensuite, je les ai accompagnés dans la réflexion, dans la structuration un petit peu de la réflexion, à faire émerger, on va dire, les questions qu’il faut se poser et puis peut-être aussi faire un peu attention aux angles morts. Ça a vraiment été ça, le travail. Essayer de montrer quelles étaient les possibilités quand il y avait plusieurs choix à faire ou quand il y avait à un moment donné une impasse, quelles étaient les solutions possibles. Et eux, ils faisaient leurs choix, eux, ils avançaient dans la direction qu’ils souhaitaient, qui leur paraissait être la plus pertinente pour eux.
Loïc est quelqu’un vraiment d’exceptionnel, il est très curieux, il arrive à vraiment essayer d’être très empathique par rapport aux différents modèles, aux différentes situations, puis de se projeter un petit peu. Il arrive vraiment à avoir cette vision à long terme. Et donc, il a réussi à, je pense, bien mener ce projet qu’il a initié de cette fondation. Et puis il y avait toute une équipe autour. Et donc, ça a été vraiment de travailler avec eux, beaucoup de réunions, et puis proposer, montrer les différentes options à chaque fois possibles, et eux, ils choisissaient les directions qu’ils souhaitaient prendre. Donc, c’est vrai que cette collaboration a été très riche. Elle est arrivée à la fin de ma thèse, donc c’est vrai que j’avais déjà beaucoup travaillé sur d’autres terrains, sur d’autres matériaux. Ça, ça a été un cas en particulier, alors que je n’ai pas encore exploité, en termes de recherche, c’est-à-dire que je n’ai pas encore publié sur ce cas-là. Mais c’est vrai que je leur ai tous dit, ils sont tous au courant que dès que j’aurai quelques instants, je pense que je les recontacterai un à un pour faire des entretiens. Et puis, ce n’est peut-être pas plus mal de prendre un peu le temps du recul, que ça décante aussi de leur côté, que ça ait eu le temps de poser. Et qu’on puisse faire une série d’entretiens pour ensuite envisager peut-être une publication scientifique sur ce cas en particulier.
Les cas comme ça, très industriels, ça permet d’être vraiment au cœur de la mécanique et pas juste de l’observer de l’extérieur en tant que chercheur et donc de rater peut-être certaines choses : les négociations, par exemple, sur telle ou telle option, voir les différentes positions, les différentes perspectives en fonction des rôles de chacun. Donc tout ça, c’est très intéressant quand on est vraiment au cœur des choses. Et puis évidemment, à terme, en tant que chercheur, l’objectif, c’est de faire avancer la connaissance finalement et que ça puisse servir à d’autres. Si d’autres, demain, souhaitent lancer une fondation, eh bien, si je publie là-dessus, il y aura sans doute, je l’espère, une utilité.
Raphaël : moi, je trouve ça super, cette manière de finalement collaborer avec les praticiens, comme tu disais, avec l’industrie. C’est gagnant-gagnant pour tout le monde, parce que les chercheurs, vous êtes au cœur de l’action, de la pratique. Comme tu disais, vous pouvez voir des choses qui ne sont pas forcément visibles autrement. Et pour les praticiens eux-mêmes, c’est bénéficier de ce recul et de cette vision un peu globale, tu parlais d’angle mort, etc. Des fois, quand on est pris dans le feu de l’action, justement, on a du mal à avoir cette posture-là. Ça apporte beaucoup de valeur à tout le monde de faire ce genre de choses.
Amel : j’avais une espèce de position neutre, c’est-à-dire que moi, je n’avais pas un intérêt que ça aille dans un sens ou dans un autre, qu’il y ait une décision qui soit prise ou une autre. Donc, c’est vrai que cette position un peu neutre peut aider quand on est sur des montages de projets et quand, des fois, on se pose des questions et on ne sait pas vers quoi aller. Voir une vision un peu neutre, ça peut effectivement… Et je pense qu’on ne le sait pas assez, mais les chercheurs sont quand même très ouverts à ce type de choses. Ils sont plutôt demandeurs et on n’y pense pas. J’écoutais tout à l’heure… Non, ce n’était pas tout à l’heure, c’était… la semaine dernière, un podcast que vous avez fait avec Sébastien Dinot.
Walid : Oui, tout à fait.
Amel : sur la gouvernance. Et donc, à un moment donné, il est question de qui peut aider à la réflexion autour de la gouvernance. Et donc, il a cité effectivement plein d’interlocuteurs possibles, mais c’est vrai que les chercheurs ne sont pas apparus, par exemple, dans ce paysage, des personnes qui peuvent aider à réfléchir sur la gouvernance ou sur un modèle économique ou sur des questions d’organisation, de structuration. C’est vrai qu’on n’y pense pas en tant que praticien, mais c’est aussi un peu de notre faute. Donc, il faut qu’on arrive davantage à aller les uns vers les autres.
Raphaël : le fait que tu sois dans le podcast, ça va vraiment dans ce sens-là. C’est super.
Walid : c’est un sujet qui, personnellement, m’intéresse pas mal parce que j’écoute d’autres podcasts dans d’autres univers dans lesquels il y a beaucoup de chercheurs qui interviennent. Et justement, ce qui est intéressant, c’est parce qu’ils arrivent avec une méthodologie, une manière différente de voir les choses, un langage différent aussi. Et en fait, quand tu écoutes ça, ça permet de prendre du recul. Et donc, c’est pour ça que c’était aussi un des grands objectifs qu’on avait avec Raphaël pour les années futures, c’était avoir plus de chercheurs et chercheuses qui viennent parler sur le podcast, parce que justement, ça nous permet d’élargir un peu nos horizons déjà à nous, prendre du recul là-dessus. Et donc, voilà, c’est quelque chose qui est super intéressant. Et normalement aussi, sur ces sujets de fondation, enfin de monter une fondation, etc., on devrait avoir d’autres choses assez intéressantes qui viennent sur le podcast dans les mois à venir. C’est en cours de discussion, mais ça prend du temps. Mais on devrait avoir des sujets vraiment cools aussi qui arrivent, un peu dans la même veine qu’OpenRail.
Souveraineté et Open Source
Walid : avant de passer plutôt sur ton point de vue et ton regard sur l’open source, la dernière chose qu’on se posait et qui est très d’actualité, donc ça rejoint un peu la partie OpenRail, où le but, c’est de se dire » on développe tous des logiciels, et puis au niveau européen, on peut partager et apprendre, etc », c’est la notion qui est très à la mode maintenant de souveraineté. Et donc, quand on parle de souveraineté, souvent on parle d’open source. Si tu veux dire quelques mots là-dessus, comment est-ce que tu vois, toi, en tant que chercheuse, les choses ? Est-ce que c’est quelque chose que tu suis ? Est-ce que ça te semble intéressant comme piste ?
Amel : alors, c’est quelque chose que je suis et que je vis. Voilà, on va dire ça comme ça.
Sur la question de la souveraineté, je pense que c’est un hot topic, on va dire. Là, actuellement, avec tout ce qui se passe aux États-Unis, Donald Trump, je ne vois pas qui pourrait dire que ce n’est pas un sujet important aujourd’hui. La souveraineté, en tout cas, non pas comme quelque chose qui nous enfermerait et qui nous couperait des autres, ce n’est pas dans ce sens-là. Ça n’empêche pas de travailler avec des éditeurs américains, avec des fournisseurs chinois, asiatiques ou je ne sais quoi. L’idée n’est pas de se refermer et de se replier sur soi mais de plutôt garantir une certaine indépendance finalement et une certaine capacité de sécurisation de ces systèmes d’information. C’est vraiment ça. Et donc cette question-là, je pense qu’elle ne peut être traitée qu’à travers l’open source. J’ai retourné un peu la question dans tous les sens et je pense que vraiment, la seule issue possible, c’est l’issue de l’open source.
Amel Charleux
Et il faut qu’on se saisisse en tout cas de cette question-là, mais à un niveau non pas individuel. Alors c’est important effectivement qu’à notre niveau, chacun en tant qu’utilisateur, on ait conscience de ça et qu’on fasse attention à ça, et qu’on favorise peut-être des solutions plus européennes, je ne vais pas dire nationales parce que ce n’est pas non plus l’objectif, mais déjà européennes. Néanmoins, je pense qu’il y a quelque chose qui se joue à un niveau plus méta et au niveau plutôt des institutions qui nous gouvernent.
Et quand je dis que je vis cette situation, je vais vous raconter une petite anecdote. Moi, je suis dans un département de gestion et donc on est plusieurs enseignants-chercheurs et puis on a essayé de moderniser nos processus de travail et donc d’éviter les envois de mails, des fichiers, actualiser des étudiants, des choses comme ça, les trombinoscopes, les plannings. Et donc on s’est dit on va utiliser une solution et donc Teams est arrivé sur la table parce qu’on avait Teams dans notre ENT, dans notre espace de travail, on a toute la suite Office et puis on a Teams qui est mis à disposition. Alors moi, je pousse non pas vers Teams, mais vers davantage de modernisation de nos processus de travail pour faciliter la vie un petit peu de chacun. Et puis, j’ai quand même cette préoccupation autour des enjeux justement de la protection des données de nos étudiants, de nos données à nous, de l’usage en fait finalement de Teams et de Microsoft dans une institution publique, dans une université publique. Et puis finalement, en discutant vraiment par hasard dans un couloir avec un collègue, il me dit mais nous au CNRS, on n’a pas le droit d’utiliser Teams, si en fait on utilise Resana. Je dis, mais qu’est-ce que c’est que ça, Resana ? C’est un peu le Teams pour les agents du service public. Je dis, comment ? Pardon ? Mais je n’en ai jamais entendu parler. Et donc, il y a des choses qui sont faites. Il existe plein de solutions. Et donc, j’ai vu qu’on pouvait avoir cet espace de collaboration, gérer des projets, qu’il y a des tableurs, des traitements de textes. Vraiment, c’est riche, c’est super, Resana. Mais je l’ai découvert dans un couloir, en discutant au hasard avec un collègue. Et donc, c’est là que je dis qu’il y a peut-être un enjeu plus méta où, au niveau des institutions, il faudrait que ce soit plus de poussifs sur des solutions plus souveraines pour nous amener, justement, vers cette transition-là, pour nous accompagner vers cette transition-là.
Le fait que moi, en tant qu’agent public, je n’ai jamais entendu parler de cet outil-là, c’est problématique. Donc il faut qu’il y ait quelque chose qui soit fait, et j’ai bien l’intention de faire quelque chose d’ailleurs, au sein de mon institution.
Walid : pour aller dans la même veine, mais à un niveau supérieur, c’est-à-dire au niveau européen, je partage cette news. Donc nous, on enregistre le 3 novembre. Donc le 29 octobre, la Commission européenne a adopté une décision qui établit un consortium pour les infrastructures numériques européennes communes numériques, le DC-EIDIC. C’est un nouvel instrument qui va permettre aux États membres de déployer et d’exploiter conjointement des infrastructures numériques transfrontalières dotées d’une gouvernance et d’une personnalité juridique spécifique. Ça a été lancé par la France, l’Allemagne, les Pays-Bas et l’Italie et le siège du DCDIC sera à Paris. C’est peut-être quelque chose à suivre de près. Pour avoir vu des publications, certaines personnes autour du dossier sont très enthousiastes. Bien sûr, à voir, mais peut-être qu’on en reparlera dans le podcast, qui sait.
Amel : en tout cas, c’est vrai que cette question de la souveraineté, je pense qu’elle est critique aujourd’hui. Et on devrait avoir plus d’incitation. Et je trouvais ça dingue de découvrir ça en cours de route et que ce ne soit pas, en gros, dans mon ENT, en fait. Que ce ne soit pas, par défaut, mon espace de travail à l’université. Alors, c’est bien d’avoir le choix, effectivement, encore une fois, en tant que chercheur et en tant qu’enseignant-chercheur, en tout cas à l’université, on a beaucoup de liberté. Mais sur cette question des outils, je pense qu’à un moment donné, il faut que l’État et puis les institutions, donc l’Université, poussent vers des solutions qui sont plus souveraines.
Les dynamiques inter-personnelles à l’intérieur d’un projet
Walid : ok, refermons ce chapitre. La partie suivante, on aimerait bien ton point de vue de chercheuse sur la partie open source. Un des sujets qu’on traite régulièrement ici sur le podcast, c’est comment on gère la concurrence, soit des individus à l’intérieur d’un projet, donc on en parlait un peu tout à l’heure, cette notion aussi de compétition. Donc déjà, les individus à l’intérieur d’un projet… Quel est ton regard là-dessus, sur le sujet ? Je ne sais pas si ma question est très claire.
Amel : je vais essayer de la prendre.
Walid : Raphaël, est-ce que tu veux la reformuler différemment ? Parce que là, je crois que je me suis un peu perdu dans ma question.
Raphaël : quelles sont les dynamiques de concurrence que tu peux retrouver entre personnes au sein d’un même projet avant de passer à la dynamique plus externe entre projets ? Mais déjà, interpersonnelle, il y a cet aspect-là. Je ne sais pas si c’est intéressant.
Walid : c’est mieux, c’est mieux.
Amel : alors effectivement, l’aspect interpersonnel dans les communautés open source. Bon, je pense que je ne vous l’apprends pas. Vous êtes même peut-être plus au fait de ça si vous contribuez, vous, directement à des communautés. Mais l’aspect interpersonnel est central dans les communautés. Et puis, les dynamiques que vont prendre les communautés.
Alors, open source, oui, mais par ailleurs, dans n’importe quel groupe, les dynamiques de groupe sont très importantes. Et effectivement, dans les communautés open source, c’est vrai qu’il y a le volet, en tout cas, moi, côté chercheur, quand j’abordais l’open source, c’était très : « c’est la collaboration, c’est l’entraide, c’est le bien, on va dire ». Je ne contredis pas ça, mais je viens le nuancer en expliquant que, eh bien, il y a aussi des rivalités, qu’il y a aussi de la concurrence et que c’est des choses non pas qu’on se refuse à voir, mais comme c’est très diffusé et documenté par ailleurs, on ne s’y intéresse pas spécialement dans les communautés open source, alors qu’elles existent, elles sont là, et les concurrences, les rivalités interpersonnelles peuvent être aussi très fortes.
Alors, peut-être comment les gérer, et puis pourquoi elles émergent. Alors, elles vont émerger parce qu’il y a toute une mécanique aussi de visibilité, des mécaniques de droit aussi dans les communautés qui font qu’on va, on va dire automatiquement, finalement, mettre certains individus, certains contributeurs en concurrence, en tout cas, ceux qui veulent vraiment s’investir et évoluer dans la communauté, ils vont… voilà.
Si on parle de la méritocratie, c’est quelque chose qui est très concurrentiel, la méritocratie. Donc, on va essayer de donner le maximum, et donc on est en concurrence avec les autres, pour être celui qui mérite le plus. Donc il y a quand même des mécaniques qui sont induites par ces communautés open source et la façon dont elles vont fonctionner. Et puis, il y a aussi toute la partie visibilité en tant qu’individu, ensuite dans l’écosystème, pour peut-être rejoindre certaines entreprises, se faire embaucher, débaucher, etc. Donc, il y a de la réputation qui est en jeu aussi dans ces communautés-là et donc qui induit une certaine dose, en tout cas, de rivalité qui peut être plus ou moins, on va dire, tempérée, gérée. Et une des façons de gérer tout ça, c’est d’être très clair sur les règles du jeu.
Amel Charleux
Et puis d’avoir ce qu’on appelle des codes de conduite ou des chartes sur ce qu’on a le droit de faire, ne pas faire, les processus exacts pour faire une proposition, comment elle est étudiée, comment elle est acceptée, comment elle est validée, comment elle est intégrée dans le logiciel. Donc, essayer d’être le plus au clair sur comment ça fonctionne et quelles sont les règles du jeu et quelles sont les règles de conduite. Donc, tout ce qui est charte, code de conduite. Ce n’est pas forcément toujours lu, mais c’est toujours bien de l’avoir pour pouvoir s’y référer. C’est un espèce de garde-fou qui nous permet justement ensuite de pouvoir, s’il y a conflit, avoir un support déjà écrit, explicité pour régler le conflit.
Raphaël : parce qu’on parlait des relations interpersonnelles, mais des fois les personnes peuvent être mandatées ou représenter des acteurs. Donc il y a aussi des relations au sein même des roadmaps (feuilles de routes) ou des orientations stratégiques des projets. Des interactions entre acteurs privés, publics, qui n’ont pas forcément les mêmes objectifs. Je ne sais pas si ça, c’est des choses que tu observes aussi.
Amel : ah oui, complètement. C’est des choses dont je parle dans ma thèse, notamment. Justement, c’est une des raisons pour lesquelles on explique l’intérêt de certaines entreprises à payer des employés à temps plein pour contribuer à des projets qui sont ouverts et totalement collaboratifs. C’est justement le fait de pouvoir influencer. Donc, avoir de l’influence. Et pour influencer, il faut finalement être meilleur que les autres, et pour ça, il nous faut plus de développeurs ou des meilleurs développeurs, qui soient bien payés, qui aient envie de contribuer à ce projet, qui contribuent bien.
Et donc, ces dynamiques concurrentielles, on les voit vraiment. Et parfois, ce qu’elles font transparaître, c’est des dynamiques concurrentielles, non pas forcément entre les individus eux-mêmes, mais c’est entre les entreprises qu’ils représentent derrière. Ça, c’est encore un autre niveau, on va dire, de concurrence qu’on peut observer au sein de ces communautés. Mais déjà, sur le niveau interpersonnel, ce qui peut être aussi intéressant, on a travaillé un petit peu là-dessus avec un collègue, c’est le fait d’avoir des espaces pour ce qu’on appelle faire du voice. Il y a un chercheur, Hirschman, qui a travaillé sur les mécaniques, justement, quand les consommateurs sont insatisfaits. Donc, il explique qu’on peut soit changer (exit), donc partir, soit voice, donc on a besoin de parler, de dire qu’on n’est pas content ou qu’il y a un problème. Et puis, il y a la loyauté vis-à-vis du projet, quelle que soit la nature du projet ou quoi que fasse le projet, on lui sera toujours fidèle. Et donc, cet espace de voice, c’est justement d’avoir des espaces pour exprimer un mécontentement, exprimer une difficulté. Et ça, ça va peut-être permettre aussi, il faut que ce soit modéré, mais ça peut permettre justement de baisser en tension, de temps en temps de voice justement, de ne pas garder, mais de voice quelque chose, quelque chose qui gêne, et de baisser un petit peu justement la rivalité.
Walid : juste, je fais une micro aparté. Si ça vous intéresse de comprendre justement l’expérience d’une personne qui travaille dans une société qui est mandatée pour travailler sur un projet pour quelqu’un d’autre, vous pouvez écouter le premier épisode sur l’histoire de GLPI où j’explique mon propre cas personnel. J’étais moi-même mandaté par une société de service pour travailler pour le compte de l’Assurance Maladie (CNAM) à l’époque, sur ce projet, et où j’explique avec mes collègues de l’époque l’arrivée sur le projet, comment ça se passe, justement les conflits entre la roadmap du projet et la roadmap du projet interne, etc. Enfin voilà, je referme la parenthèse.
Amel : oui, c’est une parenthèse intéressante qui me fait penser à des entretiens que j’ai pu faire et où des développeurs me disaient « bon, il y a certains moments où je mets la casquette du projet et puis après, je vais mettre la casquette de l’entreprise pour laquelle je travaille. Et il faut que j’arrive à savoir à quel moment je mets quelle casquette ». Parce que des fois, c’est effectivement un conflit et il faut pouvoir savoir à quel moment on va plutôt pousser pour l’entreprise ou pousser pour la roadmap du projet.
Walid : effectivement, la notion de réputation, moi, je l’ai vécue personnellement. Quand tu es développeur d’un logiciel et que tu es spécialisé dans ton domaine, trouver du travail et que tu veux rester dans ce même travail, ce même logiciel, trouver du travail, c’est pas forcément très compliqué. Il suffit juste de savoir à quelle porte taper et ça peut se faire assez rapidement…
Les intéractions à l’extérieur du projet
Walid : et donc vis-à-vis de l’extérieur du projet, là aussi il y a pour le coup beaucoup d’interactions et beaucoup de concurrences, des concurrences entre projets, entre projets libres, ça se tire pas mal la bourre. Là, on a parlé effectivement d’entreprises aussi qui peuvent être, par exemple, des intégrateurs qui vont se faire la concurrence aussi. Quelle est ta vision là-dessus ?
Amel : alors, je vois deux niveaux différents, on va dire, de concurrence et deux façons de traiter la concurrence dans ta question. Il y a effectivement la concurrence entre projets ou entre éditeurs que je qualifierais de même nature, dans le sens où effectivement, on sait qui est le concurrent. Donc, c’est vrai que ça, dans la coopétition générale et dans les analyses concurrentielles, c’est très important de savoir qui est le concurrent.
Et donc, un concurrent, théoriquement, c’est quelqu’un qui a une dépendance vis-à-vis des mêmes ressources et d’un même marché. C’est ça, un concurrent. C’est quelqu’un qui va utiliser les mêmes ressources que moi et qui a besoin du même marché que moi. Donc, c’est comme ça qu’on arrive à identifier un concurrent, et pas simplement un complémentateur, ou un potentiel partenaire, ou peut-être un client ou un fournisseur. Donc, bien bien savoir qui est un concurrent. Et je pense que quand on est entre projets similaires ou entre éditeurs, on sait si on fait la même chose, si on a besoin des mêmes ressources, si on est sur les mêmes appels d’offres, quand on se voit dans les réponses, est-ce qu’on se croise aux mêmes endroits… On arrive à identifier plus facilement. Et cette concurrence, elle est intéressante parce qu’elle est un peu différente dans l’open source de ce qu’on peut voir nous classiquement en gestion.
Amel Charleux
Et ce qu’on a pu montrer dans ma thèse, c’est que, finalement, ce qu’on nous apprend de façon théorique — et encore une fois, classique — c’est que la concurrence se fait sur le marché. Donc, on est en concurrence sur le marché, et on coopère sur les ressources. On va éventuellement se partager des ressources, gérer ensemble la logistique, peut-être. On va pouvoir faire de la coopétition comme ça. Loin du marché : le marché on est uniquement concurrentiel. Et plus on s’éloigne du marché, on va pouvoir faire des choses un petit peu ensemble, de la R&D par exemple.
Là, ce qu’on voit, finalement, c’est une espèce d’inversion quand même un petit peu, où lors de mes entretiens, j’ai quand même eu beaucoup de gens qui m’ont dit : « Non mais il y en a assez pour tout le monde, il y a assez à manger pour tout le monde. » Donc finalement, la concurrence, elle n’est pas sur le marché, elle est sur les ressources. Dans le sens où, par contre, pour avoir un bon développeur, quelqu’un qui reste, qui tienne, qui connaisse bien, etc., c’est là que c’est plus compliqué.
Amel Charleux
Donc en fait, là où on va avoir de la concurrence, finalement dans les écosystèmes open source, c’est un peu à l’inverse de ce qu’on peut voir dans d’autres industries. C’est-à-dire qu’on va se concurrencer sur les ressources. Je vais essayer d’avoir le meilleur de telle ou telle solution technique, tel ou tel développeur. Et puis, sur le marché, on va se mettre ensemble, on va faire une proposition ensemble, ou alors on va se mettre dans des collectifs. On va en tout cas défendre l’open source ensemble pour agrandir la part du gâteau. Et finalement, le concurrent, c’est plutôt le propriétaire, quelque part même si effectivement, il y a de la concurrence entre éditeurs open source, mais finalement, le gros gros concurrent, c’est quand même le propriétaire. Donc, c’est lui qu’il faut combattre. Donc, viens, on se met ensemble côté marché. Par contre, côté ressources, là, non non, c’est moi, je veux garder le développeur. Ou alors, justement, on va dire, c’est le jeu un peu entre — notamment pour les, alors à l’époque les SS2I, les ESN aujourd’hui — d’essayer d’avoir les meilleurs… Voilà, on voit bien comment circulent finalement les ressources entre les différentes ESN et les différents éditeurs.
Walid : oui, c’était juste pour dire que quand tu es une ESN, pouvoir dire que tu as un des développeurs, un des core développeurs du logiciel en question, c’est un gage de qualité sur le fait que la société va faire les choses dans les règles, que les patches vont être intégrés, etc. Moi, je l’ai vécu personnellement, et on a gagné pas mal de marchés à l’époque grâce au fait de dire « on a des core développeurs du logiciel X en interne, donc on sait faire correctement les choses ». Et sur ce sujet-là aussi, je renvoie les gens vers l’épisode avec les gens d’Open Source Expert. On parle aussi de ces problématiques-là, d’avoir les bonnes personnes qui sont capables de travailler et de reverser le code upstream dans les projets. Je referme ma parenthèse.
Raphaël : mais je voulais juste compléter peut-être, ça se voit aussi chez les grands acteurs open source. On peut en citer Red Hat, etc. Il y a aussi comme des acquisitions, presque. C’est-à-dire que, ah bah tiens, on a embauché le lead de tel projet open source. En fait, quelque part, il passe un peu sous le parapluie de cet acteur-là qui trouvait un intérêt stratégique, et donc qui paye ce développeur ou ce leader, on va dire.
Amel : complètement, c’est un avantage concurrentiel. Voilà, c’est clairement ça. Dans l’écosystème open source, en tout cas, c’est un des axes, un des leviers de différenciation majeur pour les éditeurs et pour les ESN. Et donc ce que je disais tout à l’heure, c’est que je vois deux choses différentes : la concurrence entre — donc la coopétition — entre éditeurs ou groupes de projets concurrents. Et je vois un autre niveau : c’est la coopétition qui peut s’installer entre un éditeur et ses intégrateurs. Et là, c’est une mécanique un peu différente. Il faut être un peu plus subtil parce que finalement, ce n’est pas un concurrent identifié tel quel. L’intégrateur et l’éditeur, les deux sont normalement complémentateurs. Ils sont censés… ce sont des partenaires. Néanmoins, on peut observer que parfois, on peut se marcher un peu sur les pieds, et que l’éditeur peut proposer de la formation au même titre qu’un de ses intégrateurs. Et donc, comment gérer justement ces relations ? Comment ne pas se marcher sur les pieds ? Comment bien définir les axes de valeur de chacun ? C’est vraiment primordial pour bien gérer la compétition à ce niveau-là.
Walid : ça c’est clair…
Amel :
ce qui est différent de la concurrence entre éditeurs, où clairement on est concurrent, et on sait qui fait quoi. Mais quand on est dans le même écosystème, qu’on est éditeur et intégrateur d’une même solution, eh bien là, il faut mieux définir, on va dire, les rôles. Mieux définir les axes de valeur sur lesquels chacun va pouvoir se positionner. Et c’est là que le business model, le modèle économique, est très très important à définir dès le départ. À définir dès le départ et à négocier au fur et à mesure, parce qu’un projet évolue, les modèles économiques évoluent, et un éditeur peut vouloir faire évoluer son modèle économique. Mais il faut que ça reste toujours négocié avec sa communauté d’intégrateurs, et que les intérêts restent toujours alignés, dans le sens où chacun sait sur quels axes de valeur il va pouvoir se positionner.
Amel Charleux
Walid : c’est plus facile quand le marché est gros, parce que sinon, l’éditeur — vu que c’est en général le point d’accès principal — et que potentiellement il redispatche ensuite sur les intégrateurs, l’éditeur a la tentation de se garder les projets qui l’intéressent pour lui. Et en fait, il fait du ressentiment. En fait, l’éditeur, il se garde les projets qui l’intéressent. Il va dire : ce projet-là, moi je l’ai vécu. La première fois que j’ai contacté le logiciel en question, l’éditeur, il a dit « bon, c’est trop compliqué pour moi, va voir l’intégrateur X, il sait faire ». Et la deuxième fois, il a dit « ce projet, il m’intéresse, je le prends pour moi ». Et donc, le rôle de l’intégrateur derrière, il n’est pas évident. Pourquoi je serai intégrateur quand les meilleurs projets, c’est l’éditeur qui se les garde ? Effectivement, ça fait beaucoup de friction.
Amel : oui, et c’est une relation plus complexe qu’une simple relation concurrentielle. Et ça fait une coopétition plus complexe. Cela fait une coopétition plus complexe, parce qu’on est censé travailler ensemble, on est partenaire, donc on collabore, on améliore le produit. Il faut qu’on gagne aussi, qu’on augmente notre part de gâteau, donc il faut qu’on travaille ensemble pour ça. Mais en même temps, ensuite, qui prend quelle part ? Là est toute la question. Donc, il peut y avoir des répartitions par taille de projet, ça peut être des répartitions géographiques, ça peut être des répartitions par type de service.Effectivement, pour garder en tout cas un écosystème sain, une coopétition saine entre l’éditeur et ses intégrateurs, il faut effectivement avoir des règles du jeu très claires.
Walid : dernier cas, je ne sais pas s’il est marginal ou pas, qui est assez intéressant, c’est la compétition entre l’intégrateur et sa communauté, je pense, dans les modèles open core. Quand tu as ta communauté qui vient avec une fonctionnalité, elle te soumet une pull request parce que quelqu’un a fait la fonctionnalité, et qu’en fait, l’éditeur, ça ne l’intéresse pas du tout, parce que c’est une fonctionnalité que lui veut mettre dans sa version payante. Et donc, il va refuser la soumission en expliquant que « désolé, mais en fait, ça, c’est une fonctionnalité pour nous, d’inversion payante. Donc, en fait, on ne va pas la mettre dans la version open source ».
Amel : oui, tout à fait. Il y a cette compétition-là. Effectivement, finalement, la compétition, on la voit un peu partout. Mais on la voit aussi quotidiennement autour de nous. Donc, c’est un concept très intéressant, effectivement. Donc, pour ce type de compétition, ça me fait penser au cas de Odoo.
Walid : ah…
Amel : ah, j’ai touché quelque chose ?
Walid : non, mais effectivement, c’est un cas qu’on a déjà abordé ici. Pour les gens qui s’intéressent, il y a un épisode sur l’OCA, l’Odoo Community Association. Je suppose que c’est peut-être de ça que tu voulais parler. Je te laisse, vas-y.
Amel : tout à fait, justement. Et donc, on est dans ce cas où on a un éditeur avec sa roadmap, avec ses objectifs stratégiques propres. Alors, il ne sabote pas le travail de la communauté. Il la laisse vivre. Mais effectivement, les périmètres sur lesquels il souhaite faire de l’argent, il les développe indépendamment de ce que va développer la communauté. Et ce que va développer la communauté, c’est effectivement l’OCA, l’Odoo Community Association, qui va le porter, le promouvoir, l’organiser, etc. Donc ça, c’est une des façons, peut-être, de régler cette coopétition et cette tension qu’il peut y avoir entre les objectifs économiques stratégiques d’un éditeur open core et sa communauté. Surtout quand il y a autant de succès autour d’un projet et autant de contributeurs. C’est vrai qu’Odoo, c’est assez exemplaire en la matière.
Les évolutions des modèles économiques Open Source vues par Amel
Walid : tout à fait. Justement, tu as introduit un mot qui nous fait penser à la partie suivante. Tu as parlé d’évolution. On voulait parler d’évolution de l’écosystème. Je vais commencer par une toute petite remarque par rapport à ce que tu as dit tout à l’heure en parlant des réputations, etc. On parlait du fait des droits sur un projet. Et c’est quelque chose que je trouve intéressant parce que ça a évolué avec le temps. Je pense, pour les gens qui sont assez vieux pour avoir connu les systèmes de gestion de sources type Subversion et autres, où en fait, on devait te donner un droit de commit, on devait te dire « toi, tu as le droit de… tu peux committer sur le repository, sur le dépôt ». Et quand Git est apparu, en fait, il y a eu beaucoup moins ça, puisqu’en fait, finalement, n’importe qui pouvait forker le dépôt, faire sa propre pull request, la soumettre, etc. Ça a vachement facilité les choses. Et ça a enlevé une partie de : « bon, il y a ceux qui sont méritants, ils ont le droit de commit. Et puis, il y a ceux qui ne sont pas méritants, ils ne les ont pas ». Enfin, voilà. Bref, ça me faisait penser à ça tout à l’heure, quand tu parlais des droits. Mais voilà, l’évolution de l’écosystème. On voulait te poser avec Raphaël la question : maintenant, ça fait un certain temps que tu travailles sur ces sujets-là. Quelles sont les grandes évolutions que tu as vues autour justement de ces modèles d’affaires dans l’open source ?
Amel : sur les modèles d’affaires dans l’open source, effectivement, il me semble qu’il y a une évolution vers une certaine standardisation, si je peux me permettre ce mot. Au départ, il y avait plein de tests, plein de modèles un peu différents, et presque autant de modèles que de projets, autant de modèles d’affaires que de projets. Et puis finalement, chemin faisant, et puis les discussions avançant, et puis les exemples étant partagés, les bonnes pratiques étant partagées, les modèles se sont un petit peu réduits. J’ai moi-même cartographié plutôt quatre idéotypes dans un des articles. Vous pouvez les retrouver en ligne, il est normalement en accès libre.
Néanmoins, depuis la fin de ma thèse et cette cartographie, j’ai l’impression qu’il y a quand même une tendance vers la standardisation des modèles, vers plutôt ce qui se fait dans le propriétaire. On a un peu une tendance sur la fermeture, avec une prédominance des questions purement économiques, des considérations purement économiques, au détriment finalement des bénéfices techniques du développement open source et du produit. J’ai vraiment l’impression qu’il y a un petit glissement, et que des fois, j’ai le sentiment qu’on a peut-être raté quelque chose avec l’open source, à essayer de trop le normaliser, à trop le standardiser, à trop l’institutionnaliser — au sens d’en faire quelque chose de normal et de classique, et bien, on s’est pliés aux règles du jeu classique justement, de la valorisation économique, du besoin des investisseurs, au détriment de ce que pouvait initialement être l’open source, c’est-à-dire, au-delà même de la considération philosophique ou politique de Richard Stallman, mais vraiment une qualité de développement, des produits plus performants, plus sûrs. Et donc ça, il me semble qu’on l’a un peu perdu.
Amel Charleux
À mesure où aujourd’hui, finalement, un produit open source, ce n’est plus un avantage concurrentiel, ce n’est plus différenciateur. Et il y a plein d’entreprises open source, finalement, qui ne disent tout simplement pas à leurs clients que c’est de l’open source, parce que ça ne les intéresse finalement plus. Voilà, ça, c’est un petit peu ma perception de l’évolution sur les modèles économiques. Qu’est-ce que peut être l’open source aujourd’hui sur le marché.
Raphaël : c’est hyper intéressant de voir ces évolutions-là et de voir que finalement, comme c’est devenu très business, on joue avec les règles de ce point de vue-là. Le business a repris un peu la main sur les habitudes qu’il y avait avant et qui ont été à l’origine de ces mouvements, et donc de ces communautés et de ces éléments techniques.
Walid : mais il y a un truc quand même que je tiens à mentionner, et un débat sur lequel je n’ai pas d’avis tranché, mais que je trouve hyper intéressant, c’est quand les États se mettent eux-mêmes à développer de l’open source. Et je prends le cas de la France — maintenant il y a des projets européens autour de OpenDesk et tout ça — mais quand l’État français se met lui-même à développer des outils, je pense par exemple à Docs, qui est un futur concurrent peut-être à Notion ou un truc comme ça. Et en fait, lui-même, à la base, pour ses propres agents, il développe quelque chose. C’est de l’open source, il n’y a pas de volonté forcément d’en faire de l’argent, puisque le but, c’est d’équiper les agents de l’État de ça, et en plus de ça, c’est partagé avec d’autres États européens — donc forcément, il va se monter des intégrateurs, des gens qui vont faire du business dessus, etc. Et donc, on se retrouve avec un produit 100 % open source, pas open core, qui va faire la concurrence à des outils open core qui font la même chose, dont certains peuvent même être européens. Je ne sais pas, qu’est-ce que tu penses de ça ? Est-ce que tu as suivi un peu tous ces débats autour de ça ? Moi, je n’ai pas d’avis tranché sur la question. Sur LinkedIn, ça s’est beaucoup enflammé entre les pros et les antis, mais je n’ai pas d’avis tranché sur la question.
Amel : la question elle est pour Raphaël ou moi ?
Walid : ah pardon… pour toi Amel. Je ne sais pas si tu as suivi ça ?
Amel : ce projet en particulier dont tu parles, non. Après, ce qu’il faut garder en tête, c’est que là, pour le coup, c’est de l’argent public. Et si c’est pour concurrencer Notion ou même Resana qui concurrence Teams, c’est le contribuable qui paye. Et c’est des choix, je pense, stratégiques qu’on fait. Et donc là, on n’est pas dans des logiques économiques de rentabilisation. On n’a pas forcément besoin de calculer un ROI à la fin.
Ce qu’on veut, c’est rendre un service public. Et donc, on n’est pas forcément sur les mêmes mécaniques, effectivement. Le revers de la médaille, c’est qu’on n’a pas forcément les mêmes budgets en face. Et donc, c’est peut-être pour ça aussi qu’on se fait distancier. C’est parce qu’on ne met pas vraiment l’énergie et les ressources nécessaires, financières, pour vraiment avoir une force de frappe importante pour concurrencer ces gros acteurs américains, etc. C’est parce que c’est du service public. C’est frugal, on va dire. C’est souvent frugal. Donc, on y va, on le fait petit à petit. Et finalement, les utilisateurs, ils vont quand même continuer à utiliser Teams ou Notion, parce que c’est simplement plus facile. Et peut-être, c’est l’UX, souvent, c’est quelque chose qui pêche un peu sur les solutions qui sont proposées, pas forcément par l’État, mais en tout cas sur des projets qui sont hors logique économique, en tout cas. L’UX, c’est le dernier truc, quelque part, sur lequel on va peut-être travailler. On va travailler les fonctionnalités. Mais le problème, c’est que derrière, les utilisateurs ne vont pas forcément accrocher.
Je trouve que c’est des bonnes initiatives. Pour un avis personnel, je pense que c’est important. Si on revient notamment à cette question de la souveraineté, c’est important. Il faut qu’on arrive à avoir des solutions propres à nous, des solutions européennes. Mais par contre, il faut mettre l’argent en face. Il ne faut pas juste avoir des beaux discours. Et puis après, ça fait un peu flop parce que ce n’est pas suivi, parce qu’il n’y a pas forcément l’énergie complètement nécessaire qui est mise dedans. Et donc, ça fait un peu des faux espoirs à chaque fois. Et même les utilisateurs, ceux qui sont de bonne volonté, vont essayer d’y aller. Et puis finalement, ils déchantent et ils retournent à des solutions. J’espère ne pas avoir ce cas avec Resana et de pouvoir aller jusqu’au bout, et bien l’implémenter dans mon département. Et voilà, d’embarquer tout le monde sur cette solution et qu’on me dise pas « non, non, Teams c’est plus facile, c’est plus joli ». C’est un peu les risques finalement.
L’impact du cloud sur les modèles d’affaires
Walid : tout à fait. On avait noté comme question : quel est l’impact de l’arrivée du cloud sur l’évolution des modèles d’affaires. Ton regard là‑dessus ?
Amel :
par rapport à la conclusion que j’ai donnée tout à l’heure sur l’évolution un peu générale, je pense que ça a beaucoup participé à gommer quelque part cette valeur technique, on va dire, de l’open source. Puisque finalement, tout est dans le cloud, on souscrit un service, on n’a plus la machinerie derrière — alors je ne parle pas des développeurs évidemment, mais je parle des utilisateurs, des usagers. Et donc finalement, la valeur de l’open source en elle‑même, dans les entreprises, on ne la voit plus quand on a juste à se connecter à un espace, les mises à jour se font automatiquement, le truc change tout seul, et donc on ne voit plus le code. Il y a une invisibilisation du code, il y a une invisibilisation du travail, de la complexité, qui fait que finalement, l’argument technique, l’argument bénéfice technique de l’open source a eu tendance à disparaître, à s’effacer un petit peu. Et on est plus sur des logiques purement économiques, finalement, de concurrence par rapport au prix, au nombre de fonctionnalités et pas forcément à la qualité de la solution technique.
Amel Charleux
Walid : Raphaël, question suivante, c’est pour toi.
L’impact de l’IA sur les modèles d’affaires
Raphaël : oui là j’ai la même. Là, on parlait du cloud. Maintenant, on est dans la frénésie, on va dire, de l’intelligence artificielle. Donc, est‑ce que tu penses que l’IA va avoir un impact, ou a déjà un impact d’ailleurs, sur cet écosystème, sur les modèles d’affaires et sur les interactions ?
Amel : alors sans aucun doute l’IA va avoir un impact.
Elle va peut‑être, je le pense, accélérer déjà cette commodification. Le fait de se dire que le code, c’est une commodité et toutes les aides qui se mettent en place justement pour les développeurs pour générer du code de façon plus automatisée grâce à ces intelligences‑là va sans doute pousser vers cette commodification du code. Et donc les enjeux autour de la qualité de ce code‑là vont changer. Ça va peut‑être être aussi des questions de responsabilité, puisqu’il va falloir savoir qui a codé et qui est responsable de ce code. Donc il y a peut‑être des questions juridiques qui vont émerger avec l’IA et la façon dont elle est intégrée dans le développement, dans le quotidien finalement des développeurs, et dans la production même du logiciel. Il va sans doute aussi falloir trouver d’autres leviers de différenciation. Tout à l’heure, je vous disais qu’un des leviers de différenciation dans l’open source, c’est le développeur, c’est la ressource humaine, c’est la compétence. Si aujourd’hui, cette compétence est transférée massivement vers des intelligences artificielles, est‑ce qu’on va se différencier en se disant « moi, j’ai la meilleure »… Il y aura peut‑être d’autres leviers de différenciation qu’il faudra envisager et développer.
Amel Charleux
Il y a évidemment les enjeux liés aux données, les jeux de données, et peut‑être que la question de l’ouverture va être plus cruciale sur les données plus que sur le code aujourd’hui, sur les jeux de données plutôt que sur le code. Donc ça, c’est quelque chose qui me paraît être assez important.
Et puis finalement, un dernier point peut‑être qui me semble important par rapport à ces questions d’IA, notamment dans l’open source, c’est peut‑être un glissement non plus des questions d’ouverture, qu’est‑ce qui est ouvert, qu’est‑ce qui est fermé, mais plus : qu’est‑ce qui est éthique et qu’est‑ce qui ne l’est pas. Et donc ces questions d’éthique vont peut‑être être plus prenantes dans notre écosystème, enfin dans l’écosystème open source aujourd’hui, au‑delà même du fait de savoir si le code est ouvert ou pas. Mais c’est peut‑être à quoi sert ce code, par qui il est développé, à quelle fin finalement, pour quels usages. Et à l’heure où on a quand même des développeurs, mais aussi des jeunes qui s’intéressent de plus en plus à des questions d’écologie, des questions sociales aussi, peut‑être que ces questions éthiques vont être importantes pour les éditeurs et pour les entreprises qui évoluent dans ce secteur.
Amel Charleux
Walid : les licences éthiques, il y a déjà des choses sur ce sujet.
Raphaël : Ce que je retiens, avec quoi je raisonne, c’est le glissement du focus du code vers la donnée.
Sur l’intelligence artificielle, c’est l’or noir. Les modèles, ils cherchent de plus en plus de données, ils se disent tiens, on va produire nous‑mêmes de la donnée synthétique parce qu’on en manque maintenant. On veut quelque chose qui est encore plus puissant. Et donc l’enjeu que tu évoques d’éthique, de responsabilité, de l’usage que je fais de l’IA, et de ce qu’elle me permet de faire, en fait, ça s’agglomère pour moi, en tout cas plus sur cette notion de dataset. Effectivement, peut‑être un déplacement sur comment on gère les données, les licences et les communautés. Peut‑être, j’espère qu’on verra des écosystèmes se développer — il y en a déjà — sur des datasets ouverts, où on a cette transparence qui est nécessaire finalement à la garantie de la maîtrise et donc l’éthique d’utilisation, puisqu’on sait ce qu’il y a dedans. Qu’est‑ce qui a servi à entraîner un modèle ? Qu’est‑ce qui est « engrammé » dans le modèle en final ?
Raphaël Semeteys
Amel : les enjeux éthiques — c’est anecdotique — mais demander à ChatGPT de nous générer une carte du monde et voir est‑ce qu’il va plutôt qualifier le Golfe du Mexique ou… Donc on a vraiment des enjeux politiques, éthiques avec ces données et sur quoi ces intelligences sont entraînées. Je suis complètement d’accord avec toi Raphaël sur ce point‑là. Il faut qu’on sache quelle est la source finalement, à partir de quoi sont fabriquées les réponses qui nous sont proposées.
Raphaël : je me posais même des questions à mes heures perdues, de dire : quelle serait la valeur et l’intérêt de faire ça, d’avoir des espèces de licences copylefts sur les données. C’est‑à‑dire, si tu entraînes un modèle avec ces données‑là, qui ont été fournies par des communautés, par des États, etc., avec un but précis. Dans ce cas‑là, tu as des obligations qui s’appliquent à ce que tu vas faire avec l’intelligence artificielle qui a été entraînée avec.
Walid : un peu comme l’open data avec l’ODbL.
Raphaël : oui, voilà, ce genre de choses‑là.
Walid : bon, l’heure tourne. Malheureusement, on arrive à la conclusion de cet épisode. On aura certainement encore plein de trucs à dire, surtout si on commence à parler d’IA.
En conclusion, on voulait te poser la question — mais on a déjà pas mal abordé — donc je ne sais pas si tu auras des choses supplémentaires à rajouter. Est‑ce que tu vois émerger des tendances dans les années à venir dans l’open source ? Est‑ce qu’il y a des choses supplémentaires qu’on n’aurait pas dites et que tu voudrais mentionner ?
Amel : je pense qu’on a fait effectivement un grand tour. Moi, je vois quand même ce phénomène de standardisation sur des pratiques plutôt propriétaires et sur des logiques économiques plutôt anglo‑saxonnes et c’est quelque chose qui domine quand même le marché et ce qu’on voit émerger. En tout cas, la façon dont on conçoit un business open source aujourd’hui, c’est très calé sur ce qui se fait par ailleurs dans ces écosystèmes‑là.
Après, évidemment, l’IA est un enjeu énorme parce que ça va sans doute beaucoup changer les choses et surtout à une vitesse où on aura peut‑être du mal à analyser puis ensuite tirer les leçons de ce qui vient de se passer pour essayer de faire mieux. Puisque ça ira peut‑être vraiment très très vite et on n’aura pas le temps de la réflexion finalement pour réajuster correctement. Donc je pense que la vitesse, c’est quelque chose sur lequel il faut qu’on soit vigilant. Alors nous, les chercheurs, on essaye d’être toujours au fait et de suivre le plus précisément possible l’évolution des choses. Mais c’est vrai que des fois, ça va tellement vite qu’on a du mal encore à décrire, à expliquer que c’est déjà passé à une phase suivante et on n’a pas eu le temps de digérer ce qui vient d’être fait. Donc avec l’IA, ça va très vite. On verra comment ça évolue, mais c’est clairement un enjeu.
Conclusion
Walid : on va te laisser un mot de la fin, si tu veux faire passer un message avant de se quitter aux auditrices et aux auditeurs du podcast Projets Libres.
Amel : alors peut‑être un mot autour de la recherche.
On va revenir aux thématiques du début du podcast. Peut‑être dire que finalement, les chercheurs et les praticiens devraient travailler davantage ensemble, collaborer davantage ensemble. Et c’est vrai que là, ce que vous faites, c’est déjà un bon premier pas, en tout cas dans cet écosystème de l’open source. Ça se fait par ailleurs, mais il faut que ce soit plus encouragé et qu’on ait plus le réflexe de faire appel à des chercheurs, alors même sur la partie informatique, on a des personnes exceptionnelles, des chercheurs extraordinaires dans les laboratoires des universités françaises et même en gestion. Et on va plutôt, on l’a vu, avec les cabinets privés de conseil auxquels fait appel l’État, alors qu’il y a justement des ressources, des chercheurs qui sont là et qui sont déjà payés d’ailleurs par l’État, qui peuvent aider à faire réfléchir tout simplement, à poser des questions. Pas forcément à amener des réponses, mais en tout cas à poser des questions et ne pas hésiter à venir nous chercher si jamais il y a des thématiques qui peuvent vous intéresser.
Amel Charleux
Walid : si les auditrices et les auditeurs du podcast ont des questions, est‑ce qu’ils peuvent te contacter ? Et si oui, de quelle manière ?
Amel : oui, complètement. Ils peuvent me trouver sur LinkedIn, ils peuvent m’écrire sur LinkedIn et après je ne sais pas si tu peux mettre à dispo mon mail.
Walid : je mettrai dans la transcription toutes les informations nécessaires dans ce cas‑là.
Merci beaucoup, Amel, d’avoir pris du temps pour venir parler de ton travail, tes recherches. Nous, on est ravis, je pense, Raphaël, tu dois être comme moi. C’était super intéressant. Il y avait des choses vraiment bien, certainement des choses qu’on creusera dans des épisodes futurs. Écoute, ravi de t’avoir eue, merci beaucoup.
Au plaisir de te croiser en physique dans différents événements. Et pour les auditrices et les auditeurs, comme d’habitude, on vous propose de faire tourner l’épisode si ça vous a plu, d’en parler autour de vous. Vous avez le lien vers tous nos réseaux sociaux dans les descriptions du podcast sur votre application de podcast préférée ou alors sur le site dans le bas de page. Vous trouverez toutes les informations. J’en profite aussi pour dire que sur les conférences autour de l’open source et IA… vous pouvez trouver sur notre serveur Peertube, pareil, vous trouverez les informations dans nos différents réseaux, les conférences de Raphaël sur le sujet où il y a des choses assez intéressantes puisque c’est son sujet de prédilection. Voilà.
Écoutez, à bientôt pour des nouveaux épisodes. On va certainement continuer sur cette série‑là en 2026. Voilà, portez‑vous bien tous et puis suivez le podcast. Il y a encore des choses assez intéressantes qui vont arriver. Amel, Raphaël, merci beaucoup. À bientôt.
Raphaël : merci. Merci, Amel, d’être venue.
Amel : merci à vous. Merci beaucoup. Au revoir.
Pour aller plus loin
- Thèse – L’open source entre concurrents : hal.science/tel-02523313v1
- Article – Changement de gouvernance et communautés open source : le cas du logiciel Claroline : shs.cairn.info/revue-innovatio…
- CV d’Amel Charleux sur Hal : cv.hal.science/amel-charleux
- Page Google Scholar : scholar.google.fr/citations?us…
Production de l’épisode
- Enregistrement à distance le 3 novembre 2025
- Trame : Walid Nouh, Raphaël Semeteys et Amel Charleux
- Montage : Walid Nouh
- Transcription : Walid Nouh
Licence
Ce podcast est publié sous la licence CC BY-SA 4.0 ou ultérieur
L'OPEN SOURCE ENTRE CONCURRENTS - Approche de la création et de l'appropriation de valeurs par les business models et la coopétition
L’open source transforme les façons dont les entreprises créent et s’approprient de la valeur. Les entreprises qui décident d’adopter une stratégie open source acceptent d’ouvrir leur processus d’innovation, d’être en interaction renforcée avec les c…Amel Charleux
[The Fundamentals] Open source as seen by a researcher – Amel Charleux
Open Source as seen by a researcher – Amel Charleux
Sommaire
- 1 Open Source as seen by a researcher – Amel Charleux
- 2 Presentation of Amel Charleux
- 3 The materials that serve as the basis for Amel’s research
- 4 Where does Amel publish her research?
- 5 Proximity to industry
- 6 The courses given by Amel at the university
- 7 Coopetition between researchers
- 8 Collaboration with industry: the case of OpenRail
- 9 Sovereignty and Open Source
- 10 Interpersonal dynamics within a project
- 11 Interactions outside the project
- 12 The evolution of Open Source business models as seen by Amel
- 13 The impact of the cloud on business models
- 14 The Impact of AI on Business Models
- 15 Conclusion
- 16 To go further
- 17 Episode production
- 18 License
Walid: welcome to all of you for this new episode of Projets Libres. We are resuming a series that we started a long time ago on the economic models of free software. Today, we’re going to look at this through the prism of research. You’ll see, it’s going to be quite interesting and certainly very complementary to what we’ve been able to do before. If you want to know more before starting this episode, I invite you to go see episode 9 of season 2, in which, with Raphaël Semeteys, my friend who is here today, and Goneri Le Bouder, we made an introduction to the economic model of free software. It could be interesting, if by chance, there are terms that we are talking about today that we don’t explain directly, you can refer to this episode.
So today, I’m delighted to have with me Amel Charleux, who is a associate professor at the University of Montpellier. Amel was mentioned in an episode, which was episode 10 of season 3, where we talked about the creation of the OpenRail foundation and the OSRD software: Open Source Railway Designer. It was Loïc Hamelin who introduced Amel. And so, I took the liberty of contacting her because I was interested in having her point of view as a researcher on all the themes that Raphaël and I address.
And so, Amel, listen, welcome to the podcast Projets Libres. Thank you for having responded positively to our invitation.
Amel: thank you for the invitation.
Walid: So, for this episode, as usual, I’m with my friend Raphaël Semeteys who is also passionate about everything that revolves around economic models and the governance of free software. Raphaël, welcome to you, I hope you’re doing well.
Raphaël: It’s okay, it’s okay. Super happy to be there.
Presentation of Amel Charleux
Walid: Perfect. Well, let’s get right into the thread of the subject. For those who don’t know you, Amel, could you start by introducing yourself and giving us a little bit of your background? What did you do and how did you end up as a researcher at the University of Montpellier?
Amel: Well, hello everyone. Thank you again to both of you for this invitation. The podcast is not necessarily an exercise that we are very used to as researchers, but it is an interesting format where we can actually present a certain number of things. As you have well explained, I am a lecturer at the University of Montpellier. I am part of the MRM laboratory, so Montpellier Research in Management. My background, quickly: I did a master’s degree at the same university a number of years ago. And then, I went to work, I did internships, a number of internships. And one of them, I made it in what was called at the time an SS2I, so a computer engineering service company, which was Kaliop, I think some people know.
And so, they had a few projects that they deployed using tools, open source software. And so, it’s true that it was my first encounter with open source, this internship. Then it happened that I met my husband during this internship, who is a computer engineer, who works a lot on open source, so Hugues Charleux. And so, along the way, these are subjects on which we were talking a lot. And this work on open source, or at least this internship, has raised questions. That’s it, it raised questions because what we were taught at school wasn’t quite what I saw in that internship.
It’s true that open code, an open product, a community, collaboration, I didn’t understand. I didn’t have, in any case, the right lenses or glasses for that. I went to work for a few years and then it stayed a little bit in the background, it turned in the background in my head, these questions. And at some point, I said to myself “I have to dig more”. And so I went back to knocking on the door of the university by proposing this subject. Let’s say that I’ve always loved school, learning, and I wanted to really dig into this theme. My thesis supervisor agreed to supervise me at the time, it was Anne Mione. We worked on this subject of open source, which was, at least at the level of the Montpellier Research in Management laboratory, quite new. Then I defended and finished my thesis. I did my doctorate and then I took the exam and I was recruited here at the same university. That’s a bit for the course.
Walid: But I think it’s a subject that, overall, is not necessarily covered a lot, actually.
Amel: Not much. You’re right, Walid.
So, there are researchers who work on these themes, but we are a bit original in the laboratories. Let’s say that often, it’s more about what we call research field. That is to say, we will be interested in innovation, for example, and then we will say to ourselves “let’s see how they innovate in open source communities”. But the research theme is rather more broadly innovation.
Amel Charleux
Or we will work on the accounting and then we will look at how it is done in this or that field. And so in the end, open source is more of a field of research where we go from time to time to see how certain things are done, more than really a concept or a research theme. It was quite a long discussion within the research group to which I belonged: was open source more in my field of research or was it the concept I was really working on? And so I really wanted to work on the concept. It didn’t stop at a field of research, we call it the subject of my research.
The materials that serve as the basis for Amel’s research
Walid: And precisely, if we talk about the subject of your research, then your research is about open source. Raphaël and I were wondering about the way you worked. What materials do you use in your research?
Amel: So, for management research, in any case, we have several ways of proceeding, we have several methods. We can do what we call quantitative: we will look for databases, or we will collect responses via questionnaires that we will then process in a very quantitative way. But we also have what is being done a lot, and especially in France, the Americans and the Anglo-Saxons tend to do quantitative.
In France, we like what we call qualitative research, so research that is more contextualized, that is based on a better understanding of the environment. And we’re going to work more on interviews. We will increase the number of interviews, exchanges with people in the field, and therefore professionals. This is called primary data. We will collect them directly from the people we are interested in. And then we have everything we call secondary data, which we’re going to cross-reference with this primary data. And so this secondary data will be everything we find on the Internet, the sites, the financial reports, the minutes, all the documents that we can have access to in companies if we ask for it and they agree to give them to us, etc. So we’re going to run into each other, at least personally, I do mixing. I’ve also done quantitative data, but I’m going to be more inclined to go for qualitative and contextual data, and therefore to collect interviews and primary data, which I’ll also cross-reference with secondary data, to then have an understanding of the phenomena, let’s say. And so this understanding, it’s very contextualized. We are always very careful to explain well in our papers. I don’t know if you’ve read one or two, but we always try to explain that it’s very contextualized, that we can’t generalize our results because we’re not looking for absolute truth, but about very contextual understanding.
Raphaël: I have a question about the scope of your initial research, and then even current, during your thesis, because open source is quite global. So there, you are attached to a unit that takes care of management. So, the scope of your research, is it general like that or is it going to be with a specific angle that would be related to that, to management?
Amel: So, in the laboratory, we are organized by themes, let’s say. There is the accounting group, there is the HR group, human resources, there is the information system group, there is the management control group, and then there is the strategy group, and finally there are several groups, entrepreneurship. And so, we are part of certain groups according to our appetites. I, for example, am part of the organization group, where we will study how structures are organized. So, it’s quite broad. And under that umbrella, personally, what I’m going to look at, what I’ve been able to look at in the past, is going to be, for example, business models and the governance of open source projects. These are questions that are linked to themes of sustainability, for example. And then, what interested me a lot, I think that this too, we’ll talk about it maybe a little later, is interorganizational relations: it’s also a theme that I’m going to dig into from the angle of open source to try to understand how open source transforms, changes interorganizational or interpersonal relations as well. So these are the themes on which I have an appetite and on which I work. But I could very well perhaps, I don’t know, as my career progresses, I could move towards the study of accounting, in projects or other themes, it’s not closed. You can really have careers where you evolve, you change the theme depending on the encounters, on what comes up. It’s true that it’s quite an interesting freedom.
Raphaël: Thank you. I think we’re going to talk about this aspect again, a little bit of interaction, especially relationship. It’s not an angle that is often put forward by open source, so I’m very happy to have you here.
Walid: You can’t have Raphaël’s smile (laughs). There, you study open source, but with a rather French-speaking focus. Or does your research also focus on communities, tools, ways of doing things that would be more English-speaking or from other countries outside the French-speaking world?
Amel: Let’s say that at the beginning, to understand a little bit, to explain what open source is, the phenomenon, where it comes from, etc., we can’t stay only on France or the French-speaking world. So, we are forced to open up and look at what is emerging across the Atlantic, what the trends are, etc. So, I’ve done a lot of work, especially the work I’ve done on business models, it’s a work that I’ve done in a very cross-functional way. There were no borders, let’s say. Then, at other times, indeed, it can happen that we focus on a particular case. And there, we will look either in particular at what is happening in France or in particular at what is happening in a community or a project. And so there, we worked on a Belgian project, for example, which we studied in more depth. It was an interest of the researcher, but it was also an opportunity insofar as we had access to this field. So we were able to go and do a lot of interviews, conduct a lot of interviews and have access to a lot of documentation and data. So there you have it, we worked on this case. But there is not, let’s say, a firm desire to stay on France or on French or French-speaking projects.
Where does Amel publish her research?
Walid: Where do you publish your research?
Amel: So, on the publications, we will have several axes. It’s true that we, as researchers, are rather encouraged to publish in scientific journals. So, I publish in scientific journals, especially French-language ones, when I write in French. So, you’re going to have the SIM review, the Innovation review, Terminal. In any case, there are a few French-speaking journals that are interested in open source, because it is not necessarily easy to publish on this theme in any journal. So, we also target the scientific journals in which we are going to publish. We are going to enter into discussions with communities that are interested in these subjects, and therefore that represent themselves in these magazines. At the European level, I may publish in the European Management Journal, where we recently had a publication.
Depending on the language we choose, the case we choose, we will target more or less international scientific journals. And so that’s the priority. That’s what you’re evaluated on as a researcher: on this scientific publication in journals. So more and more, we’re also interested in how we’re going to popularize our research, how to disseminate it: it’s a fairly important underlying trend in universities and laboratories, where we’re trying to break down silos, to do a little bit of open source, because in the end, what we publish in journals, well, In any case, it is rarely consulted or rarely read by the professionals themselves. And so, it doesn’t percolate much into the field. And what we want is to have more impact as researchers and for our research to have a real usefulness, even beyond the simple construction of knowledge, because we build knowledge, it’s very interesting.
Amel Charleux
So intellectually, it’s very stimulating, but we’re encouraged and I think it’s a motivation that most researchers share to go a step further and spread more. And so, it’s true that the podcast or round table formats that I’ll be able to participate in, the thematic sessions that I’ll be able to organize, these are things that are encouraged and that I’m doing more and more.
Walid: It’s true that in other fields that are not computer science, there are quite strong relations between researchers and industry. I was asking myself the question, because in the field of open source, at least in French-speaking France, I’m not sure it’s still very developed. However, indeed, it’s something that we try to put forward also at the podcast level, it’s something that interests us a lot to have a different point of view. We experience it more as professionals, so it’s something that we experience on a daily basis in one way or another, that we have experienced, but you have an angle where you can take a step back and look and have an angle that is certainly very different from another.
Proximity to industry
Walid: Precisely, I was going to ask you how you could also popularize round tables, as I will put links in the transcript, but the round tables that you have been able to do at trade shows like Open Source Experience, which are also a good way to appear with the industry as well. I don’t know, it’s something you do regularly? Are we contacting you to do this? How does it work?
Amel: So, Open Source Experience, it’s true that I’ve done it several times and then it’s also been a very important database for me to collect data. That is to say, at the very beginning of my thesis, when I had to go and collect data, do interviews, that’s when I went to look for my interlocutors. And it’s true that the advantage with Open Source Experience, and finally the open source ecosystem, is that people are quite happy to talk about their work, what they do and how they do it. So collecting the data was quite easy, which is not necessarily the case in all industries. So that was rather a positive thing. Open Source Experience was a bit of a resource for me initially. And then I think that… I met, I discussed, I exchanged, I interviewed, and finally relationships are created, bonds are forged, and I have come back regularly to the Open Source Experience. I think it’s a fairly classic event for the French-speaking ecosystem, at least on the business side. To come back to your questioning and questioning of the link between research and the industrial and professional world, it is true that initially, in management, I am not necessarily going to speak for the other disciplines. I’m not going to talk about medicine or biology or computer science, but really about management. Initially, to be a management teacher or management researcher, you had to have some experience. And it was even necessary, it was rather valued, to be in contact with the field, to have missions. I was listening to a podcast by Jacques Igalens, who is a very, very important researcher in management, who explained that at the beginning, he did a lot of consulting and that he had three missions: research, teaching and this very field professional activity. And finally, it’s true that there has been a kind of shift and today: a teacher-researcher will do research, teaching and then a lot of administration. The contact with the field, work with the field, at least as a professional, has given way to more institutional missions. I, for example, am in charge of a degree, I am in charge of international relations within my component. So, missions that I call institutional, not so much administrative, but which, as a result, leave little room, in the end, to really be in touch with the field. So, this shift, in the end, it cut us off a little from practitioners as management researchers. And so, the only times we are in contact with the practitioners are when we go to observe them, look at them, talk to them. But we are not in action with them.
We are very little in action with them. But that’s very French and French-speaking, though. The Anglo-Saxons, on the other hand, the business side as researchers, is very unbridled, it’s very accepted. All the researchers do consulting on the side. There is no ethical problem, let’s say, in relation to that. So, I won’t take a position on this issue, but it’s true that there are also issues of independence that can be important when you go to do consulting and get paid to do things, while working at the university. It’s true that there are questions of academic freedom, especially on issues or subjects that are a little more sensitive, in pharmacy, things like that. In open source, in management, it is perhaps less serious.
Amel Charleux
And so in the end, this link between researchers and professionals, in the end, it hasn’t been broken a bit, but in any case, it is only maintained by the research side, and not the practical side. And so, it’s true that the fact that I can go to the Open Source Experience, even outside of the interview side specific to a research theme, the fact that I go there regularly, it allows me to take the temperature a little bit of the topics that are interesting for the community, for the ecosystem, what are the problems of practitioners, what they are up against, etc. So, in the end, this presence nourishes me enormously, even beyond the publication of an article. It’s really about being aware of what practitioners are going through.
The courses given by Amel at the university
Walid: Precisely, to finish on this part, you give courses that are related to your research. You have classes of students that you supervise and who work on these subjects with you, right?
Amel: I don’t have students who work directly, exclusively on open source, because I don’t have a degree in open source community management or open source projects, which might be quite interesting to put together. I have more students who are there and who do management. So, they’re going to do HR, marketing, accounting, strategy, organizational theory, things like that. I work on the theory of organizations, for example, which is something very theoretical, classical, but I will also try to bring elements related to my research, always. I always introduce myself and my research to them. And then I’m going to try to have sessions, zooms, let’s say, on how open source works. We’re going to present the classic things. And then I’m going to try to bring an alternative model, if we’re going to talk about intellectual property. I’m going to talk about copyleft, even though it’s something that isn’t necessarily covered elsewhere in traditional courses. So, I’m always going to try to bring in case studies as well. Rather than doing a case study on, I don’t know, Sony, Samsung, Ikea or Renault, I’m going to do a case study on an open source company, a project, I don’t know, we’re going to take Red Hat, we’re going to do a case study on Red Hat, on its business model or things like that. So it’s true that I bring open source and my research themes in small touches, let’s say, throughout the students’ career. And afterwards, I can also intervene, from time to time, I can be called upon for a particular course, a seminar in particular, where I will talk exclusively about open source for three hours or four hours or five hours.
Coopetition between researchers
Raphaël: Yes, I have a question about the community, but this time researchers actually. How are relations going, especially in Europe, but also perhaps with colleagues across the Atlantic? Is there competition, coopetition? How does that work?
Walid: he placed “coopetition”, that’s it! (laughs)
Amel: that’s it! Well done! So yes, clearly, there is coopetition. But in fact, coopetition, it’s true that as a research concept, it’s something quite recent.
Walid: Let’s perhaps remember what coopetition is for listeners who haven’t listened to the previous episodes.
Amel: yes,
So coopetition is a concept that reflects the fact of being in cooperation with a competitor. So to go and cooperate with someone I’m supposed to eliminate. Theoretically, in classical organizational theory, and in particular Porter’s highly competitive perspective, I am supposed to eliminate my competitor in order to have a competitive advantage and establish my position and dominate the market. Coopetition qualifies this, and therefore allows us to have a slightly alternative vision of relationships and to say that in the end, it’s not all black and white. We are not just friends or enemies, but depending on the circumstances, the needs, the situations, we may need to collaborate with a competitor at a given time.
Amel Charleux
So coopetition is going to be about how we do this, how to do it well. What rules should be respected, precisely, so that there is no opportunism, so that it does not turn against the one who is doing coopetition. So, coopetition, indeed, a research theme that I have worked on a lot and that I found very interesting to work on in open source communities, precisely. But I may come back to that later.
I’ll answer your question, Raphaël, about communities of researchers: you can either be a solitary researcher, and work a lot alone. No one is going to come and tell us, ‘no, no, you absolutely have to collaborate or work as a team’. It’s true that we have a lot of freedom. We are a bit of entrepreneurs and we run our boat a bit as we wish. We make the career, we build the career we want to have. So I tend to prefer to work with colleagues and many of us do that. So, we will develop collaborations that often emerge at conferences. So, it’s kind of our own Open Source Experience. So, we have several by theme, precisely: there are conferences specialized in accounting, others on HR, others in IS. There are some that are a little more transversal, management conferences, more general. And so there, we’re going to often present our work, what we’re working on, so what we call communications, we’re going to communicate. And then, we have rooms where we have colleagues. And that’s how connections are made. We say to ourselves “Ah, but wait, I’m working on this too. Look, maybe we can move forward together.” And that’s how we collaborate.
That’s it, we collaborate and the scientific community is created. It’s really around these conferences and these communications. We don’t really have a particular online space where we can go and propose topics or a GitHub for researchers, for example. We don’t really have that. Or we’re going to launch an idea, or start an article, and then someone would come and graft on, complete, increment, etc. We don’t really have that. So, that’s why there’s a bit of competition in the sense that we still work in small groups or in silos. So, it’s always a bit benevolent, but a bit of competition on certain subjects. When there are too many people on certain subjects, we try to be the one we see the most or that we will quote the most or we will try to differentiate ourselves, let’s say, to have a little differentiation despite everything. So, there are a bit of the mechanics that we find in companies too, of differentiation in this ecosystem.
Walid: In our ecosystem, we have a very important show called FOSDEM, in which there are discussions. It’s more of a developer-based show, but in which there are discussions that aren’t developer discussions. I am thinking in particular of everything related to the law, European policies, etc. And so, in which there are very interesting discussions and which are also a place where people who work on these subjects meet. I was wondering if these are places where you can go, find yourself? Have you already, for example, been to this salon, which is in Brussels, which is usually always the first weekend of February?
Amel: So, FOSDEM, I’ve been saying to myself for years, well, come on, this year, I’m doing it. Come on, this year, I’m doing it. We also have time constraints to be very practical, I want to say. So, it’s true that it’s a show for developers. But these are things that interest me too and I think I could really feed off a lot of things in this living room. It would be very interesting in relation to my research. But at some point, I also have to make very practical choices about time. That is to say, if I am going to do two research conferences plus one or two round tables, it will already take me a lot of time. And then there are also questions of financing since all these trips, all these trade fairs… These conferences must be funded. And we don’t necessarily have unlimited budgets in our public laboratories. We have to make choices. But I will. It’s something I’ve been thinking about for some time. But one day, I will.
Walid: I’ve been going there almost every year for a long time. Luckily for us, the lectures are recorded and broadcast. And this is, I must admit, my main subject to work on the podcast, the FOSDEM conferences.
Amel: It’s true that that’s interesting. But it’s more of a “we take” business. And it’s true that we don’t necessarily create connections.
Walid: No, you have to be there physically.
Amel: Well, you have to be there physically to create the conversation, create the exchange and be able to dig into some of them.
Raphaël: And God knows that at FOSDEM, that exists there.
Amel: the connections?
Raphaël: Yes, there are a lot of people. It’s very dynamic. You meet a lot of people there, it’s very interesting.
Amel: Loïc goes there often.
Walid: yes, Loïc Hamelin from OSRD and OpenRail and I, I met people I had interviewed in person or I got in touch with people I wanted to interview at FOSDEM. The best example is… there are conference rooms, for example the Social Web conference room, so that’s where I’m going to come up with ideas. For example, I met the people of Mobilizon, whom I interviewed (here), I talked to them there, I introduced myself and everything. It’s a pretty unique opportunity to meet people and talk to them. If you’re not shy, you can take someone, ask them for five minutes. It’s really great. I talk about it on every episode, I think, of FOSDEM.
Collaboration with industry: the case of OpenRail
Which is related to what we have just said. I discovered your work through the collaboration you made around the creation of the OpenRail Foundation. So, foundation, business, which aims to share software created by infrastructure managers in European countries. And now, it even comes out of European countries, since there is also the ONCF, Morocco, which has joined in this. So, one of the questions I asked myself about this was your relationship with the industry. Was this collaboration with the SNCF something one-off? How did it go? And then, the next question, of course, is what did you, as a researcher, get out of this collaboration? How did you participate? What did you get out of this collaboration?
Amel: Yes, so it’s a collaboration that we started at the very end of my thesis. In any case, an intern that Loïc had recruited to work on this issue, had come across one of my articles on business models. And so, she had him read it and they were like, “Ah, but that’s exactly what we’re working on.” And so, they contacted me and then we started with one meeting, then two, and then it kind of set up like that. They presented me with the project they had, and then the help they needed, let’s say, to be able to move forward. And so it started anyway from this research article. I was saying earlier that in the end practitioners have difficulty accessing these articles because it’s always a bit long, there is a theoretical case, there is the methodology, sometimes before getting the result, you have to hang on. That’s why we try to make versions a little lighter in media that are a little different from scientific journals, but sometimes it’s read. And that’s an example of someone in the field, a practitioner who immersed himself in a scientific article and found that there was interest. And so then, I accompanied them in the reflection, in the structuring of the reflection a little bit, to bring out, let’s say, the questions that need to be asked and then perhaps also to pay a little attention to the blind spots. That’s really what work was all about. To try to show what the possibilities were when there were several choices to be made or when there was at a given moment an impasse, what were the possible solutions. And they made their choices, they moved in the direction they wanted, which seemed to them to be the most relevant for them.
Loïc is a really exceptional person, he’s very curious, he really manages to try to be very empathetic about the different models, the different situations, and then to project himself a little bit. He really manages to have this long-term vision. And so, he managed, I think, to carry out this project that he initiated from this foundation. And then there was a whole team around. And so, it was really working with them, a lot of meetings, and then proposing, showing the different options each time possible, and they, they chose the directions they wanted to take. So, it’s true that this collaboration has been very rich. It came at the end of my thesis, so it’s true that I had already worked a lot on other fields, on other materials. That was a particular case, while I haven’t yet exploited it, in terms of research, that is to say that I haven’t yet published on this case. But it’s true that I’ve all told them, they’re all aware that as soon as I have a few moments, I think I’ll contact them one by one to do interviews. And then, maybe it’s not bad to take a step back, that it also settles on their side, that it has had time to settle. And that we can do a series of interviews and then perhaps consider a scientific publication on this particular case.
Cases like this, which are very industrial, allow you to really be at the heart of the mechanics and not just to observe it from the outside as a researcher and therefore to perhaps miss certain things: negotiations, for example, on this or that option, to see the different positions, the different perspectives according to the roles of each person. So all this is very interesting when you are really at the heart of things. And then, obviously, in the long term, as a researcher, the objective is to advance knowledge in the end and for it to be useful to others. If others, tomorrow, wish to launch a foundation, well, if I publish on it, there will doubtless, I hope, be useful.
Raphaël: I think it’s great, this way of finally collaborating with practitioners, as you said, with the industry. It’s a win-win for everyone, because the researchers, you are at the heart of the action, of the practice. As you said, you can see things that are not necessarily visible otherwise. And for the practitioners themselves, it’s benefiting from this hindsight and this somewhat global vision, you were talking about blind spots, etc. Sometimes, when you’re caught up in the heat of the moment, you have a hard time having that posture. It brings a lot of value to everyone to do this kind of thing.
Amel: I had a kind of neutral position, which means that I didn’t have an interest in it going one way or another, that there was a decision that was made or another. So, it’s true that this somewhat neutral position can help when you’re setting up projects and when, sometimes, you ask yourself questions and you don’t know where to go. Seeing a somewhat neutral vision can indeed… And I think we don’t know this enough, but researchers are still very open to this type of thing. They are rather demanding and we don’t think about it. I was listening earlier… No, it wasn’t just now, it was… last week, a podcast you did with Sébastien Dinot.
Walid: Yes, absolutely.
Amel: on governance. And so, at some point, it is a question of who can help in the reflection around governance. And so, he did indeed cite a lot of possible interlocutors, but it’s true that researchers have not appeared, for example, in this landscape, people who can help think about governance or an economic model or about questions of organization, structuring. It’s true that we don’t think about it as a practitioner, but it’s also a little bit our fault. So, we need to be more able to reach out to each other.
Raphaël: The fact that you’re in the podcast really goes in that direction. That’s great.
Walid: It’s a subject that, personally, interests me quite a bit because I listen to other podcasts in other universes in which there are a lot of researchers involved. And what’s interesting is precisely because they come up with a methodology, a different way of seeing things, a different language too. And in fact, when you listen to that, it allows you to take a step back. And so, that’s why it was also one of the big goals that Raphaël and I had for the future, was to have more researchers come to talk on the podcast, because it allows us to broaden our horizons a little bit already on our own, to take a step back from that. And so, there you have it, this is something that’s super interesting. And normally also, on these foundation topics, well to set up a foundation, etc., we should have other quite interesting things coming up on the podcast in the coming months. It’s under discussion, but it takes time. But we should have some really cool topics coming up too, a bit in the same vein as OpenRail.
Sovereignty and Open Source
Walid: Before moving on to your point of view and your view on open source, the last thing we asked ourselves and which is very topical, so it is a bit like the OpenRail part, where the goal is to say to ourselves “we all develop software, and then at the European level, we can share and learn, etc”, this is the notion of sovereignty that is very fashionable now. And so, when we talk about sovereignty, we often talk about open source. If you want to say a few words about this, how do you, as a researcher, see things? Is this something you follow? Does this seem interesting to you?
Amel: So, it’s something that I am and that I live. That’s it, let’s put it like that.
On the question of sovereignty, I think it’s a hot topic, let’s say. Right now, with everything that’s going on in the United States, Donald Trump, I don’t see who could say that it’s not an important subject today. Sovereignty, in any case, not as something that would lock us up and cut us off from others, is not in that sense. That doesn’t prevent us from working with American publishers, with Chinese, Asian or whatever. The idea is not to close ourselves off and withdraw into ourselves, but rather to guarantee a certain independence and a certain capacity to secure these information systems. That’s really it. And so I think this question can only be addressed through open source. I’ve turned the question around a bit and I think that really, the only possible way out is the open source one.
Amel Charleux
And we need to address this issue in any case, but not on an individual level. So it’s important that at our level, each of us as a user, we are aware of this and that we pay attention to it, and that we perhaps promote more European solutions, I’m not going to say national because that’s not the objective either, but already European. Nevertheless, I think that there is something that is at stake at a more meta level and rather at the level of the institutions that govern us.
And when I say that I am living this situation, I will tell you a little anecdote. I’m in a management department and so there are several teacher-researchers and then we tried to modernize our work processes and therefore avoid sending emails, files, updating students, things like that, trombinoscopes, schedules. And so we said to ourselves we are going to use a solution and so Teams came on the table because we had Teams in our ENT, in our workspace, we have the whole Office suite and then we have Teams which is made available. So I’m pushing not for Teams, but for more modernization of our work processes to make everyone’s life a little easier. And then, I still have this concern about the issues of protecting our students’ data, our own data, and the use of Teams and Microsoft in a public institution, in a public university. And then finally, while talking really by chance in a corridor with a colleague, he told me but we at the CNRS, we don’t have the right to use Teams, if in fact we use Resana. I say, but what is this, Resana? It’s a bit like Teams for public service employees. I say, how? Excuse me? But I’ve never heard of it. And so, things are being done. There are plenty of solutions. And so, I saw that we could have this space for collaboration, manage projects, that there are spreadsheets, word processors. Really, it’s rich, it’s great, Resana. But I discovered him in a hallway, while chatting randomly with a colleague. And so, that’s where I say that there is perhaps a more meta issue where, at the institutional level, there should be more pushy people on more sovereign solutions to lead us, precisely, towards this transition, to accompany us towards this transition.
The fact that I, as a public official, have never heard of this tool is problematic. So something has to be done, and I intend to do something elsewhere, within my institution.
Walid: To go in the same vein, but at a higher level, that is to say at the European level, I am sharing this news. So we record on November 3rd. So on 29 October, the European Commission adopted a decision that establishes a consortium for the Common European Digital Infrastructures, the DC-EIDIC. It is a new instrument that will allow Member States to jointly deploy and operate cross-border digital infrastructures with specific governance and legal personality. It has been launched by France, Germany, the Netherlands and Italy and the DCDIC headquarters will be in Paris. This may be something to follow closely. Having seen publications, some people around the file are very enthusiastic. Of course, we’ll see, but maybe we’ll talk about it again in the podcast, who knows.
Amel: In any case, it’s true that this question of sovereignty, I think it’s critical today. And we should have more incentives. And I thought it was crazy to discover this along the way and that it wasn’t, basically, in my ENT, in fact. That it is not, by default, my workspace at the university. So, it’s good to have the choice, indeed, once again, as a researcher and as a teacher-researcher, at least at the university, we have a lot of freedom. But on this question of tools, I think that at some point, the State and then the institutions, including the University, must push for solutions that are more sovereign.
Interpersonal dynamics within a project
Walid: Okay, let’s close this chapter. The next part, we’d like your point of view as a researcher on the open source part. One of the topics we regularly deal with here on the podcast is how we manage competition, i.e. individuals within a project, so we were talking about it a little earlier, this notion of competition as well. So already, the individuals within a project… What is your view on this, on the subject? I do not know if my question is very clear.
Amel: I’ll try to take her.
Walid: Raphaël, do you want to rephrase it differently? Because there, I think I got a little lost in my question.
Raphaël: What are the dynamics of competition that you can find between people within the same project before moving on to the more external dynamic between projects? But already, interpersonal, there is this aspect. I don’t know if it’s interesting.
Walid: It’s better, it’s better.
Amel: So yes, the interpersonal aspect in open source communities. Well, I don’t think I’m telling you that. You may even be more aware of this if you contribute directly to communities. But the interpersonal aspect is central to communities. And then, the dynamics that the communities will take.
So, open source, yes, but on the other hand, in any group, group dynamics are very important. And indeed, in open source communities, it’s true that there is the component, at least for me, on the researcher side, when I approached open source, it was very: “it’s collaboration, it’s mutual aid, it’s good, let’s say”. I’m not contradicting that, but I’m going to qualify it by explaining that, well, there are also rivalries, that there’s also competition and that these are things that we don’t refuse to see, but since it’s very widespread and documented elsewhere, we don’t pay particular attention to it in open source communities, While they exist, they are there, and the competition, the interpersonal rivalries can also be very strong.
So, maybe how do you deal with them, and then why they emerge. So, they will emerge because there is also a whole mechanism of visibility, mechanisms of law also in the communities that mean that we will, let’s say automatically, in the end, put certain individuals, certain contributors in competition, in any case, those who really want to invest and evolve in the community, they will… There you go.
If we talk about meritocracy, it’s something that is very competitive, meritocracy. So, we’re going to try to give it our all, and so we’re in competition with the others, to be the one who deserves the most. So there are still mechanics that are induced by these open source communities and the way they will work. And then, there’s also the whole visibility part as an individual, then in the ecosystem, to maybe join certain companies, get hired, poach, etc. So, there is reputation that is also at stake in these communities and therefore that induces a certain dose, in any case, of rivalry that can be more or less, let’s say, tempered, managed. And one of the ways to deal with all of this is to be very clear about the rules of the game.
Amel Charleux
And then to have what we call codes of conduct or charters on what we are allowed to do, not to do, the exact processes for making a proposal, how it is studied, how it is accepted, how it is validated, how it is integrated into the software. So, try to be as clear as possible about how it works and what the rules of the game are and what the rules of conduct are. So, everything that is charter, code of conduct. It’s not necessarily always read, but it’s always good to have it to be able to refer to it. It is a kind of safeguard that allows us to be able, if there is a conflict, to have a support already written, made explicit to settle the conflict.
Raphaël: Because we were talking about interpersonal relationships, but sometimes people can be mandated or represent actors. So there are also relationships within the roadmaps or strategic orientations of the projects. Interactions between private and public actors, which do not necessarily have the same objectives. I don’t know if that’s something you observe too.
Amel: Oh yes, completely. These are things that I talk about in my thesis, in particular. This is one of the reasons why some companies are interested in paying full-time employees to contribute to projects that are open and totally collaborative. It is precisely the fact of being able to influence. So, to have influence. And to influence, you have to be better than the others, and for that, we need more developers or the best developers, who are well paid, who want to contribute to this project, who contribute well.
And so, we really see these competitive dynamics. And sometimes, what they show is competitive dynamics, not necessarily between the individuals themselves, but between the companies they represent behind them. That’s yet another level, let’s say, of competition that we can observe within these communities. But already, on the interpersonal level, what can also be interesting, we worked a little bit on this with a colleague, is the fact of having spaces for what we call doing voice. There is a researcher, Hirschman, who has worked on the mechanics, precisely when consumers are dissatisfied. So, he explains that we can either change (exit), so leave, or voice, so we need to talk, to say that we are not happy or that there is a problem. And then there is loyalty to the project, whatever the nature of the project or whatever the project does, we will always be loyal to it. And so, this space for voice is precisely to have spaces to express discontent, to express a difficulty. And that may also allow, it has to be moderate, but it can allow you to lower the tension, from time to time of voice precisely, not to keep, but to voice something, something that bothers, and to lower the rivalry a little bit.
Walid: Just, I’ll make a micro aside. If you are interested in understanding the experience of a person who works in a company that is mandated to work on a project for someone else, you can listen to the first episode on the history of GLPI where I explain my own personal case. I myself was mandated by a service company to work on behalf of the Health Insurance (CNAM) at the time, on this project, and where I explained with my colleagues at the time the arrival on the project, how it works, precisely the conflicts between the project roadmap and the internal project roadmap , etc. Anyway, I’ll close the parenthesis.
Amel: Yes, it’s an interesting parenthesis that makes me think of interviews I did and where developers told me “well, there are certain moments when I put on the project cap and then afterwards, I’m going to put on the cap of the company I work for. And I have to know when I put on which cap.” Because sometimes, it’s indeed a conflict and you have to be able to know when you’re going to push for the company or push for the project roadmap .
Walid: Indeed, the notion of reputation, I have experienced it personally. When you’re a software developer and you’re specialized in your field, finding work and you want to stay in that same job, that same software, finding work, it’s not necessarily very complicated. You just have to know which door to knock on and it can be done quite quickly…
Interactions outside the project
Walid: And so with regard to the outside of the project, there are also a lot of interactions and a lot of competition, competition between projects, between free projects, it’s a lot of work. Here, we have indeed talked about companies that can be, for example, integrators who will also compete with each other. What is your vision on this?
Amel : So, I see two different levels, let’s say, of competition and two ways of dealing with competition in your question. There is indeed competition between projects or between publishers that I would describe as of the same nature, in the sense that we know who the competitor is. So, it’s true that, in general coopetition and in competitive analyses, it’s very important to know who the competitor is.
And so, a competitor, theoretically, is someone who is dependent on the same resources and the same market. That’s what a competitor is all about. He’s someone who will use the same resources as me and who needs the same market as me. So, that’s how we manage to identify a competitor, and not just a complementer, or a potential partner, or maybe a customer or a supplier. So, you have to know who a competitor is. And I think that when we are between similar projects or between publishers, we know if we are doing the same thing, if we need the same resources, if we are on the same calls for tenders, when we see each other in the responses, do we meet in the same places… We can identify it more easily. And this competition is interesting because it is a little different in open source from what we can see in the traditional management world.
Amel Charleux
And what we were able to show in my thesis is that, in the end, what we are taught in a theoretical way — and once again, in a classical way — is that competition takes place in the market. So we compete in the market, and we cooperate on resources. We will eventually share resources, manage logistics together, perhaps. We will be able to do coopetition like this. Far from the market: the market is only competitive. And the further away we get from the market, we’ll be able to do things a little bit together, R&D for example.
Here, what we see, in the end, is a kind of inversion, a little bit, where during my interviews, I still had a lot of people tell me: “No, but there’s enough for everyone, there’s enough to eat for everyone.” So in the end, competition is not on the market, it is on resources. In the sense that, on the other hand, to have a good developer, someone who stays, who holds, who knows well, etc., that’s where it’s more complicated.
Amel Charleux
So in fact, where we’re going to have competition, ultimately in open source ecosystems, it’s a bit the opposite of what we can see in other industries. That is to say, we will compete on resources. I’m going to try to get the best of this or that technical solution, this or that developer. And then, on the market, we’re going to get together, we’re going to make a proposal together, or we’re going to get into collectives. In any case, we will defend open source together to increase the share of the pie. And finally, the competitor is rather the owner, in a way, even if there is indeed competition between open source publishers, but in the end, the big big competitor is still the owner. So it is the one we have to fight. So, come on, let’s get together on the market side. On the other hand, on the resource side, no, no, it’s me, I want to keep the developer. Or, precisely, let’s say, it’s a bit of a game between — especially for the SS2I, the ESN today, at the time — to try to have the best… There you have it, we can see how resources ultimately circulate between the different ESNs and the different publishers.
Walid : yes, it was just to say that when you’re an ESN, being able to say that you have one of the developers, one of the core developers of the software in question, it’s a guarantee of quality on the fact that the company will do things by the book, that the patches will be integrated, etc. I experienced it personally, and we won a lot of contracts at the time thanks to saying “we have core developers of software X in-house, so we know how to do things correctly”. And on this subject too, I refer people to the episode with the people at Open Source Expert. We also talk about these issues, about having the right people who are able to work and transfer the upstream code into projects. I close my parenthesis.
Raphaël : But I just wanted to add to it maybe, it can also be seen with the big open source players. Red Hat is one of them, etc. There are also like acquisitions, almost. That is to say , oh well, we hired the lead of such and such an open source project. In fact, somehow, it is a bit under the umbrella of this actor who found a strategic interest, and therefore who pays this developer or this leader, let’s say.
Amel : Absolutely, it’s a competitive advantage. That’s it, that’s clearly it. In the open source ecosystem, in any case, it is one of the axes, one of the major differentiation levers for publishers and for ESNs. And so what I was saying earlier is that I see two different things: competition between — and therefore coopetition — between publishers or groups of competing projects. And I see another level: it is the coopetition that can be established between a publisher and its integrators. And there, it’s a slightly different mechanic. We have to be a little more subtle because in the end, it’s not an identified competitor as it is. The integrator and the publisher, both are normally complementary. They are supposed to… they are partners. Nevertheless, we can observe that sometimes, we can step on each other’s toes a little, and that the publisher can offer training in the same way as one of its integrators. And so, how do we manage these relationships? How can we not step on each other’s toes? How to properly define the value axes of each? It’s really essential to manage the competition well at this level.
Walid: That’s clear…
Amel:
This is different from competition between publishers, where you are clearly a competitor, and you know who does what. But when you’re in the same ecosystem, when you’re a publisher and integrator of the same solution, well, you have to better define, let’s say, the roles. Better define the areas of value on which everyone will be able to position themselves. And this is where the business model, the economic model, is very, very important to define from the start. To be defined from the outset and negotiated as you go along, because a project evolves, economic models evolve, and a publisher may want to evolve its economic model. But it must always remain negotiated with its community of integrators, and that interests always remain aligned, in the sense that everyone knows on which value axes they will be able to position themselves.
Amel Charleux
Walid : It’s easier when the market is big, because otherwise, the publisher — since it’s generally the main access point — and potentially redispatching to integrators, the publisher has the temptation to keep the projects that interest him for himself. And in fact, he is resentful. In fact, the publisher keeps the projects that interest him. He will say: I lived this project. The first time I contacted the software in question, the publisher, he said “well, it’s too complicated for me, go see integrator X, he knows how to do it”. And the second time, he said “this project, I’m interested in it, I’ll take it for myself”. And so, the role of the integrator behind it, it is not obvious. Why will I be an integrator when the best projects are kept by the publisher? Indeed, it creates a lot of friction.
Amel : Yes, and it’s a more complex relationship than a simple competitive one. And it makes a more complex coopetition. This makes a more complex coopetition, because we are supposed to work together, we are partners, so we collaborate, we improve the product. We have to win too, we have to increase our share of the pie, so we have to work together for that. But at the same time, then, who takes what part? That is the whole question. So, there can be distributions by project size, it can be geographical distributions, it can be distributions by type of service. Indeed, in order to keep a healthy ecosystem, a healthy coopetition between the publisher and its integrators, it is indeed necessary to have very clear rules of the game.
Walid : Last case, I don’t know if it’s marginal or not, which is quite interesting, is the competition between the integrator and his community, I think, in open core models. When you have your community that comes with a feature, they submit a pull request to you because someone made the feature, and in fact, the editor, they are not interested in it at all, because it’s a feature that they want to put in their paid version. And so, he will refuse the submission explaining that “sorry, but in fact, this is a feature for us, a paid reversal. So, in fact, we’re not going to put it in the open source version.”
Amel : Yes, absolutely. There is this competition. Indeed, in the end, competition can be seen everywhere. But we also see it daily around us. So, it’s a very interesting concept, indeed. So, for this type of competition, it reminds me of the case of Odoo.
Walid: Ah…
Amel: Ah, did I touch something?
Walid : No, but indeed, it’s a case that we’ve already discussed here. For people who are interested, there is an episode on the OCA, the Odoo Community Association. I guess maybe that’s what you meant to talk about. I’ll leave you, go ahead.
Amel : Absolutely, exactly. And so, we are in this case where we have a publisher with its roadmap, with its own strategic objectives. So, he doesn’t sabotage the work of the community. He lets her live. But indeed, the perimeters on which he wants to make money, he develops them independently of what the community will develop. And what the community will develop is actually the OCA, the Odoo Community Association, which will carry it, promote it, organize it, etc. So that’s one of the ways, perhaps, to resolve this coopetition and this tension that can exist between the strategic economic objectives of an open core publisher and its community. Especially when there is so much success around a project and so many contributors. It’s true that Odoo is quite exemplary in this area.
The evolution of Open Source business models as seen by Amel
Walid : Absolutely. Precisely, you introduced a word that makes us think of the next part. You talked about evolution. We wanted to talk about the evolution of the ecosystem. I’m going to start with a very small remark about what you said earlier when talking about reputations, etc. We were talking about the fact of rights to a project. And that’s something I find interesting because it’s evolved over time. I think, for people who are old enough to have known source management systems like Subversion and others, where in fact, you had to be given a right to commit, you had to be told “you, you have the right to…” you can commit to the repository, to the repository”. And when Git appeared, in fact, there was much less of that, since in fact, in the end, anyone could fork the repository, make their own pull request, submit it, etc. It made things a lot easier. And it took away some of: “well, there are those who are deserving, they have the right to commit. And then there are those who are not deserving, they don’t have them.” Well, there you go. Anyway, it made me think of that earlier, when you were talking about rights. But here it is, the evolution of the ecosystem. Raphaël and I wanted to ask you the question: now, you’ve been working on these subjects for a while. What are the major developments you have seen around these open source business models?
Amel: On open source business models, indeed, it seems to me that there is an evolution towards a certain standardization, if I may use that word. At the beginning, there were lots of tests, lots of slightly different models, and almost as many models as projects, as many business models as projects. And then finally, along the way, and then the discussions progressed, and then the examples were shared, the good practices were shared, the models were reduced a little. I myself mapped four ideotypes in one of the articles. You can find them online, it is normally freely accessible.
Nevertheless, since the end of my thesis and this mapping, I have the impression that there is still a trend towards the standardization of models, towards what is done in the owner. There is a bit of a tendency towards closure, with a predominance of purely economic issues, purely economic considerations, to the detriment of the technical benefits of open source development and the product. I really have the impression that there is a little slippage, and that sometimes, I have the feeling that we may have missed something with open source, trying to standardize it too much, to standardize it too much, to institutionalize it too much — in the sense of making it something normal and classic, well, we have bended to the rules of the classic game precisely, of the economic valuation, of the needs of investors, to the detriment of what open source could initially be, that is to say, even beyond the philosophical or political consideration of Richard Stallman, but really a quality of development, more efficient, safer products. And so that, it seems to me that we have lost it a little.
Amel Charleux
To the extent that today, finally, an open source product is no longer a competitive advantage, it is no longer a differentiator. And there are plenty of open source companies, in the end, that simply don’t tell their customers that it’s open source, because they don’t care about it anymore. That’s it, that’s a little bit my perception of the evolution of economic models. What can open source be on the market today.
Raphaël: It’s very interesting to see these developments and to see that in the end, as it has become very business, we are playing with the rules from this point of view. Business has regained a bit of control over the habits that existed before and that were at the origin of these movements, and therefore of these communities and these technical elements.
Walid: But there is one thing that I still want to mention, and a debate on which I don’t have a strong opinion, but which I find very interesting, is when states start to develop open source themselves. And I’ll take the case of France — now there are European projects around OpenDesk and all that — but when the French government starts to develop tools itself, I’m thinking for example of Docs, which is a future competitor maybe to Notion or something like that. And in fact, he himself, basically, for his own agents, is developing something. It’s open source, there’s not necessarily a desire to make money out of it, since the goal is to equip state agents with that, and on top of that, it’s shared with other European states — so inevitably, integrators will be set up, people who will do business on it, etc. And so, we end up with a 100% open source product, not open core, which will compete with open core tools that do the same thing, some of which may even be European. I don’t know, what do you think of that? Have you followed all these debates around it? I don’t have a strong opinion on the matter. On LinkedIn, there has been a lot of heat between the pros and the antis, but I don’t have a strong opinion on the matter.
Amel: Is the question for Raphaël or me?
Walid: Oh sorry… for you Amel. I don’t know if you followed that?
Amel: This particular project you’re talking about, no. After that, what we have to keep in mind is that this is public money. And if it’s to compete with Notion or even Resana which competes with Teams, it’s the taxpayer who pays. And these are strategic choices, I think, that we are making. And so here, we are not in an economic logic of profitability. You don’t necessarily need to calculate an ROI at the end.
What we want is to provide a public service. And so, we are not necessarily on the same mechanics, indeed. The other side of the coin is that we don’t necessarily have the same budgets in front of us. And so, maybe that’s also why we’re being distanced. It’s because we don’t really put in the energy and the necessary resources, financial, to really have a significant strike force to compete with these big American players, etc. It’s because it’s a public service. It’s frugal, let’s say. It’s often frugal. So, there we go, we do it little by little. And finally, users, they’re still going to continue to use Teams or Notion, because it’s just easier. And perhaps, it’s the UX, often, it’s something that sins a little on the solutions that are proposed, not necessarily by the State, but in any case on projects that are out of economic logic, in any case. UX is the last thing, somewhere, that we may be working on. We’re going to work on the functionalities. But the problem is that behind it, users won’t necessarily be hooked.
I think these are good initiatives. For a personal opinion, I think it’s important. If we come back to the question of sovereignty, it is important. We have to come up with solutions of our own, European solutions. But on the other hand, you have to put money in the face. We must not just have nice speeches. And then afterwards, it’s a bit of a flop because it’s not followed, because there’s not necessarily the completely necessary energy that is put into it. And so, it makes a bit of false hopes every time. And even users, those who are of good will, will try to go there. And then finally, they become disillusioned and they return to solutions. I hope not to have this case with Resana and to be able to go all the way, and implement it well in my department. And that’s it, to get everyone on board with this solution and not be told “no, no, Teams is easier, it’s prettier”. It’s a bit of a risk in the end.
The impact of the cloud on business models
Walid: Absolutely. We had noted as a question: what is the impact of the arrival of the cloud on the evolution of business models? What do you think about it?
Amel:
Compared to the conclusion I gave earlier on the somewhat general evolution, I think that it has contributed a lot to erasing this technical value, let’s say, of open source. Since, in the end, everything is in the cloud, we subscribe to a service, we no longer have the machinery behind it — so I’m not talking about the developers, obviously, but I’m talking about the users, the users. And so finally, the value of open source in itself, in companies, we don’t see it anymore when we just have to connect to a space, the updates are done automatically, the thing changes by itself, and so we don’t see the code anymore. There is an invisibilization of the code, there is an invisibilization of the work, of the complexity, which means that in the end, the technical argument, the technical benefit argument of open source has tended to disappear, to fade away a little bit. And we are more on purely economic logics, in the end, of competition in relation to price, the number of features and not necessarily the quality of the technical solution.
Amel Charleux
Walid: Raphaël, next question, it’s for you.
The Impact of AI on Business Models
Raphaël: yes I have the same one. There, we were talking about the cloud. Now, we’re in the frenzy, let’s say, of artificial intelligence. So, do you think that AI will have an impact, or is already having an impact, on this ecosystem, on business models and on interactions?
Amel: Then without a doubt AI will have an impact.
It will perhaps, I think, already accelerate this commodification. The fact that code is a commodity and all the help that is put in place for developers to generate code in a more automated way thanks to these intelligences will undoubtedly push towards this code commodification. And so the issues around the quality of this code will change. It may also be a question of responsibility, since we will have to know who coded and who is responsible for this code. So there may be legal issues that will emerge with AI and the way it is integrated into development, ultimately into the daily life of developers, and into the very production of software. We will probably also have to find other levers of differentiation. Earlier, I was telling you that one of the levers of differentiation in open source is the developer, it’s the human resource, it’s the skill. If today, this skill is massively transferred to artificial intelligences, are we going to differentiate ourselves by saying to ourselves “I have the best”… There may be other levers of differentiation that will have to be considered and developed.
Amel Charleux
There are obviously issues related to data, datasets, and perhaps the question of openness will be more crucial on data more than on code today, on datasets rather than on code. So that’s something that seems to me to be quite important.
And finally, one last point that perhaps seems important to me in relation to these AI issues, especially in open source, is perhaps a shift from questions of openness, what is open, what is closed, but more: what is ethical and what is not. And so these ethical questions may be more important in our ecosystem, at least in the open source ecosystem today, even beyond whether the code is open or not. But this is perhaps what this code is for, by whom it is developed, for what purpose in the end, for what uses. And at a time when we still have developers, but also young people who are more and more interested in ecological issues, social issues too, perhaps these ethical issues will be important for publishers and for companies that evolve in this sector.
Amel Charleux
Walid: There are already things on ethical licenses on this subject.
Raphaël: What I remember, what I reason with, is the shift in focus from code to data.
On artificial intelligence, it’s black gold. The models, they are looking for more and more data, they say to themselves, well, we are going to produce synthetic data ourselves because we lack it now. We want something that is even more powerful. And so the issue you mention of ethics, responsibility, the use I make of AI, and what it allows me to do, in fact, it agglomerates for me, at least more on this notion of dataset. Indeed, maybe a shift in how we manage data, licenses and communities. Perhaps, I hope that we will see ecosystems develop — there are already some — on open datasets , where we have this transparency that is ultimately necessary to guarantee control and therefore the ethics of use, since we know what is inside. What was used to train a model? What is “engrammed” in the model in the end?
Raphaël Semeteys
Amel: The ethical issues — it’s anecdotal — but asking ChatGPT to generate a map of the world and see if it will rather qualify the Gulf of Mexico or… So we really have political and ethical issues with this data and what these intelligences are trained on. I completely agree with you Raphaël on this point. We need to know what the source is, in the end, from which the answers that are proposed to us are made.
Raphaël: I even asked myself questions in my spare time, to say: what would be the value and the point of doing this, of having some kind of copyleft licenses on the data. That is, if you train a model with this data, which has been provided by communities, by states, etc., with a specific goal. In this case, you have obligations that apply to what you are going to do with the artificial intelligence that has been trained with it.
Walid: A bit like open data with ODbL.
Raphaël: yes, that’s the kind of thing.
Walid: Well, the clock is ticking. Unfortunately, we come to the conclusion of this episode. We will certainly have a lot more to say, especially if we start talking about AI.
In conclusion, we wanted to ask you the question — but we’ve already talked about it quite a bit — so I don’t know if you’ll have any additional things to add. Do you see any trends emerging in the coming years in open source? Are there any additional things that we wouldn’t have said that you would like to mention?
Amel: I think we did indeed do a great tour. Personally, I still see this phenomenon of standardization on rather proprietary practices and on rather Anglo-Saxon economic logics and it’s something that dominates the market and what we see emerging. In any case, the way we conceive of an open source business today is very much in line with what is done elsewhere in these ecosystems.
After that, obviously, AI is a huge challenge because it will undoubtedly change things a lot and especially at a speed where we may have difficulty analyzing and then learning from what has just happened to try to do better. Because it may go very, very quickly and we won’t have time to think about it in the end to readjust properly. So I think that speed is something we have to be vigilant about. So we, the researchers, try to always be up to date and to follow the evolution of things as precisely as possible. But it’s true that sometimes, it goes so fast that it’s still difficult to describe, to explain that it’s already moved on to a next phase and we haven’t had time to digest what has just been done. So with AI, it goes very fast. We’ll see how it evolves, but it’s clearly an issue.
Conclusion
Walid: We’ll leave you a last word, if you want to get a message across before you say goodbye to the listeners of the podcast Projets Libres.
Amel: So maybe a word about research.
We’re going to go back to the themes at the beginning of the podcast. Maybe say that in the end, researchers and practitioners should work more together, collaborate more together. And it’s true that what you’re doing is already a good first step, at least in this open source ecosystem. It’s being done elsewhere, but it needs to be more encouraged and we need to have more of a reflex to call on researchers, so even on the computer science part, we have exceptional people, extraordinary researchers in the laboratories of French universities and even in management. And we are rather, as we have seen, going with the private consulting firms that the State calls upon, when there are resources, researchers who are there and who are already paid by the State, who can help to make people think, quite simply, to ask questions. Not necessarily to provide answers, but in any case to ask questions and don’t hesitate to come and get us if there are any themes that may interest you.
Amel Charleux
Walid: If the podcast listeners have questions, can they contact you? And if so, how?
Amel: Yes, completely. They can find me on LinkedIn, they can write to me on LinkedIn and then I don’t know if you can make my email available.
Walid: I will put in the transcript all the necessary information in this case.
Thank you very much, Amel, for taking the time to come and talk about your work, your research. We’re delighted, I think, Raphaël, you must be like me. It was super interesting. There were some really good things, certainly things that we’ll dig into in future episodes. Listen, glad to have you, thank you very much.
We look forward to meeting you in person at different events. And for the listeners, as usual, we suggest you run the episode if you liked it, to talk about it around you. You have the link to all our social networks in the podcast descriptions on your favorite podcast app or on the site in the footer. You will find all the information. I also take this opportunity to say that on the conferences around open source and AI… you can find on our Peertube server, the same, you will find the information in our different networks, Raphaël’s conferences on the subject where there are quite interesting things since it is his favorite subject. There you go.
Listen, see you soon for new episodes. We will certainly continue on this series in 2026. There you go, be well all of you and then follow the podcast. There are still some pretty interesting things that will happen. Amel, Raphaël, thank you very much. See you again.
Raphaël: Thank you. Thank you, Amel, for coming.
Amel: Thank you. Thank you very much. Goodbye.
To go further
- Thesis – Open source between competitors: hal.science/tel-02523313v1
- Article – Governance change and open source communities: the case of Claroline software: shs.cairn.info/revue-innovatio…
- Amel Charleux’s CV on Halle: cv.hal.science/amel-charleux
- Google Scholar page: scholar.google.fr/citations?us…
Episode production
- Remote check-in on November 3, 2025
- Plot: Walid Nouh, Raphaël Semeteys and Amel Charleux
- Editing: Walid Nouh
- Transcript: Walid Nouh
[em]This article has been automatically translated from the original language into English.[/em]
License
This podcast is released under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license or later
L'OPEN SOURCE ENTRE CONCURRENTS - Approche de la création et de l'appropriation de valeurs par les business models et la coopétition
L’open source transforme les façons dont les entreprises créent et s’approprient de la valeur. Les entreprises qui décident d’adopter une stratégie open source acceptent d’ouvrir leur processus d’innovation, d’être en interaction renforcée avec les c…Amel Charleux
IDF suggests limiting humanitarian aid trucks entering Gaza
The volume of humanitarian aid trucks should be reduced from 600 to around 200 per day as part of Phase II of the US ceasefire plan, IDF sources recommended on Thursday, since pre- and post-war professional evaluations show that the Gazan population only requires 200 trucks per day.
In that light, the IDF said that almost all trucks that enter Gaza above the 200-point mark, and certainly up at levels like 600, are taken by Hamas and used to solidify its control of the Strip.
The IDF believes that although Israel was obligated to send 600 trucks per day as part of Phase I of the ceasefire in October 2025, partially to restore long-term food security and partially simply to build goodwill with the Trump administration, Phase II can and should be different.
IDF suggests limiting humanitarian aid trucks entering Gaza | The Jerusalem Post
The IDF proposes reducing humanitarian aid trucks to 200 per day as Phase II of the ceasefire plan begins.The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
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Microsoft lost $357 billion in market cap as stock plunged most since 2020
My biggest impressions from the article
> Microsoft shares slid about 10% on Thursday following an earnings report that disappointed some investors, prompting the stock’s sharpest daily decline since March 2020.
Microsoft’s finance chief, Amy Hood, argued that the cloud result could have been higher if it had allocated more data center infrastructure to customers rather than prioritizing its in-house needs.
> “If I had taken the GPUs that just came online in Q1 and Q2 in terms of GPUs and allocated them all to Azure, the KPI would have been over 40,” she said.
Analyst Ben Reitzes of Melius Research, with a buy rating on Microsoft stock, said during CNBC’s “Squawk on the Street” on Thursday that Microsoft should double down on data center construction.“I think that there’s an execution issue here with Azure, where they need to literally stand up buildings a little faster,” he said.
LMAO, the analysts and C level execs are going to accelerate the fall of Micro$lop.
https://www.cnbc.com/2026/01/29/microsoft-market-cap-earnings.html
Banker claims Oracle may slash up to 30,000 jobs, sell health unit to pay for AI build-out
Banker claims Oracle may slash up to 30,000 jobs, sell health unit to pay for AI build-out
: Cerner, though acquired in 2022, is nothing to multibillion black holeLindsay Clark (The Register)
Bulgarian Torrent Giants Zamunda, Zelka, and ArenaBG Seized in Joint U.S.-Bulgarian Operation
Bulgarian Torrent Giants Zamunda, Zelka, and ArenaBG Seized in Joint U.S.-Bulgarian Operation * TorrentFreak
After more than two decades of surviving legal and political pressure, several titans of the Bulgarian file-sharing scene were seriously hit.Ernesto Van der Sar (TF Publishing)
RARBG (rip) really did go out at the perfect time
for anyone that doesnt know, RAR(BG) = Bulgaria
Calibre 9.0 Open-Source Ebook Manager Released
Calibre 9.0 Open-Source Ebook Manager Released with New Bookshelf View - 9to5Linux
Calibre 9.0 open-source ebook manager is now available for download with new Bookshelf view, new options, dark mode by default, and more.Marcus Nestor (9to5Linux)
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Not the OP you asked, but I back his comment fully. At this point, I don't even know how long it has been that I have used calibre. I started when I bought a Chinese e-reader back in the day when it was that or the first kindle that had a full keyboard.
At this point, after so long, for me ebooks go hand in hand with calibre. Why choose calibre instead of that alternative? Habits probably, the fact that calibre has filled that role since I ever used a screen to read. I don't particularly think there's any other reason. Back in the day when the formats of ebooks were all over the place, the conversion abilities of calibre were priceless. Now everything seems to be epub or cbz for comics. The transfer to the reader was also a breeze with calibre, now with WiFi in every device it doesn't feel so relevant. Not to mean calibre doesn't help, it has moved with the times allowing remote direct connection with the readers and so on.
I use Calibre because I already know it, it is open source, and it has proven to work extremely well over all these years. It can be trusted.
But now with all that said, why I wouldn't use calibre. Calibre comes with its own web server but sincerely it is sooo limited i just can't stand it. I know there's calibre-web but I haven't gotten around to set it up. Plus it doesn't get along well with calibre itself running if I have understood correctly. It seems where calibre is lacking is in the editing of a library from multiple sources. So its main use seems to be meant on one computer and... That's it. Now that I am setting some self hosted services, I wanted something similar for calibre. Many times I want to edit the library from my phone when I want to add something I found or whatever. But I appreciate having the full app on my computer to do big complex operations on my libraries. But I've never loomed for an alternative, why would I, calibre is incredible... Well, maybe I should. Thanks for that link! It looks promising!
I simply use both. New book comes in, add to Calibre to get most metadata down pat and move to my library, then gets imported into Booklore where I can easily make minor changes/fixes and that’s it. I use Booklore for reading across many of my devices.
You could get rid of Calibre in my stack, I just find it nice for local management on my host PC.
There's a fork of Calibre to remove the AI stuff : codeberg.org/rereading/arcalib…
arcalibre
A snapshot of Calibre (https://github.com/kovidgoyal/calibre) as of 5 December 2025, with the goal of producing a stable and AI-free build.Codeberg.org
Personally, a few reasons.
- I don't need to run 2 containers and >10GB. I could just install and run in 10 seconds.
- My whole library and metadata is self contained in a single dir. On a fresh OS install I could simply point Calibre to the dir, and off we go.
- A rich plugin ecosystem, including deDRM plugins.
- I can just ignore the AI stuff (for now, at least)
- I've used it for close to 2 decades. Familiarity is definitely a factor. And yes, it's still as ugly as it was 20 years ago. But once you've set your workflow up, the UI just kinda melds to the background.
GitHub - janeczku/calibre-web: :books: Web app for browsing, reading and downloading eBooks stored in a Calibre database
:books: Web app for browsing, reading and downloading eBooks stored in a Calibre database - janeczku/calibre-webGitHub
blog.zaramis.se/2026/01/30/man…
After 30 years of development: GNU gettext 1.0 is ready
After 30 years of development: GNU gettext 1.0 is ready
GNU gettext version 1.0 is here. The internationalization framework now supports local LLMs for machine translations.Moritz Förster (heise online)
I may be slipping up on jargon.😅
I think the versions of deepseek you can get from olama are FOSS. I have that running on my homelab and can access it with open webui. Are you looking for something like that? I could link some stuff.
Thanks! I will do some searching on my own, and your comment is a good starting point. I will probably ask you for links if I'm unable to find anything.
May I ask what kind of hardware you use to run your LLMs? Like, do you have a rack full or GPUs?
I got an old machine off eBay(see pic) I only run models that are 8b parameters or less.
I got Ubuntu server on it. Then docker running in that. In docker I have olama, open web UI, jellyfin and a game sever. No issues running any of that.
Edit: if you want something that can run better LLMs I recommend more RAM and a better GPU
I use them mostly for helping me write emails or meal prepping tbh lol. I've used deep seek to help me with python before but if you're not just dicking around like me you'd definitely want something more powerful.
For image generation it sounds like this tool called comfy UI is the way to go. I have it running in docker but haven't set anything up inside it yet.
It's pretty neat, I really set this up to help keep my data out of the hands of the corps and the feds lol.
common-pile (Common Pile)
Org profile for Common Pile on Hugging Face, the AI community building the future.huggingface.co
yeah im seeing what was my estimation of what his opinion would be. Take this for example:
" I agree that bullshit summaries (as they are now) are a bad thing, partly because they are made by programs which are not intelligent, so they are often confused and misrepresent what the site really says."
as they stand now would suggest they have some sort of promise. Mostly what I see is him railing against treating their output as intelligent when summarizing and that they lack understanding of their output because. well. they are not intelligent. I fully agree with him here.
Systemd Creator Lennart Poettering Joins New Linux Integrity Startup
Systemd Creator Lennart Poettering Joins New Linux Integrity Startup
Lennart Poettering has been named Chief Engineer at Amutable, marking his first publicly announced role since leaving Microsoft.Bobby Borisov (Linuxiac)
I'm with you on that, it's massively over complex, intrudes into systems it has no place in, and has way too many bad design choices. The designers made the fundamental mistake of wanting it to do everything okish, rather than one thing well. The worst part is that pretty much everything people poibt to as benefits could have trivially been added to tools like sysvinit and rsyslogd.
It's probably a lost cause, and I don't think there are many of of us left who remember how to work with the tools that embody the "do one thing, well" philosophy, or how that led to stable, predictable, and easy to manage systems.
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It's amazing that this is now a downvoted opinion.
The overall concept seemed fine, but it's mired in some truly dogshit design decisions.
The language used speaks for itself. We already know what "integrity" means in this context.
the company wants Linux systems to be built so their correctness can be explicitly defined and continuously verified.
This does not seem vague to me. It explicitly states what they are creating.
The freedom to decide what software am I allowed to run on my PC is important for me though
I'm right with you there, and it's proprietary software that threatens that, nothing included in this announcement does though.
It's not about the google vibes, it's that this thing could be standardized and used by several programs and websites.
here's an example. with google's integrity system, most phones can not go through attestation. an exception is phones that can run GrapheneOS. but for apps that require attestation, the developers need to change their app so that it accepts valid attestations of systems that use the GrapheneOS key. such apps can decide to keep only accepting google approved systems.
so far it looks like this will work similarly enough that software you run will be able to be picky about what distribution you use.
It's not vague at all if you know Poettering and have watched his talks.
This is about securing the boot chain to ensure the integrity of the OS. Ie, someone hasn't replaced your GRUB with one that looks exactly the same but secretly records your disk password.
It does so in a decentralized way, so anything like Play Integrity would not make sense in the slightest. It's the TPM chip measuring values and ensuring they match previous recorded values (and the values to change, such as after updates, so after updates are run, the expected values are updated). It's not a Secureboot-like system that would make it more feasible to have a Play Integrity-like system.
The problem with entire concept is the assertion that "after updates are run, the expected values are updated". If the administrator can cause the expected values to be updated, you must assume that an attacker who can replace GRUB, in your example, can too, rendering the whole thing ineffective. If the administrator can not cause the expected values to be updated, we're into an Android like situation, where the vendor decides what you're allowed to run on your machine. Neither outcome is better than what we have now.
Lennart Pottering has an unfortunate habbit of deciding to fix problems that don't actually need fixing, then coming up with a vastly overcomplicated solution, takes years to implement, and doesn't actually provide much or any benefit over what existed before. Any benefit that does occur tends to be the sort of thing that could easily have been added to the previous system, but noone had because it wasn't actually a pressing concern. One need only look at his history with PulseAudio and systemd to see examples of this. He also tends to be quite rude and dismissive to anyone questioning him, or pointing out architectural issues.
The problem with entire concept is the assertion that “after updates are run, the expected values are updated”. If the administrator can cause the expected values to be updated, you must assume that an attacker who can replace GRUB, in your example, can too, rendering the whole thing ineffective
This TPM stuff is focused on verifying the integrity of the the boot chain. It's meant to protect against things like replacing GRUB or changing GRUB options in a malicious way. If that stuff is detected, the system won't boot.
It's goal is not to prevent malicious changes in userspace, after the system is booted. Protections against malicious userspace modifications must come elsewhere, like SELinux, AppArmor, sandboxed apps, Wayland, etc.
If the administrator can not cause the expected values to be updated, we’re into an Android like situation, where the vendor decides what you’re allowed to run on your machine. Neither outcome is better than what we have now
What do you mean by vendor here? Initially we were discussing applications doing some sort of system integrity check to decide whether or not the application would run. But now it seems like you are referring to the distro deciding whether or not you are allowed to do things.
But again, these checks are just for the OS and it would not make sense to try and turn this into a DRM-like system when Secure Boot is much better suited for that task.
And distros already control what you can and cannot do by how they choose to build the OS. Lets consider Aeon and Universal Blue.
Aeon is an OS that implements things that Poettering is discussing. Uses TPM to verify the integrity and unlock the disk if everything is fine. It also is immutable, which limits user customization in some ways as part of its philosophy. It discourage OS modifications and encourages use of Flathub and distrobox.
The Universal Blue family of distros does not implement Poettering's stuff (though there is an option to do so). But it has similar restrictions as Aeon, discourages OS modifications, encourages use of Flathub/Homebrew/Distrobox.
My point is that verifying the boot chain integrity largely does not matter when it comes to user choice. While the two I mention do have restrictions, they are only philosophical, you could build a system that has these boot chain integrity checks and it not immutable. Measured Boot is great for this task because it puts the user is control, you don't need to worry about the software being signed with some third party's key to boot.
Lennart Pottering has an unfortunate habbit of deciding to fix problems that don’t actually need fixing, then coming up with a vastly overcomplicated solution
I agree in some respects. I like immutable distros, flatpaks, and sandboxed/containerized stuff, but sometimes you just need to install software on the host, unsandboxed. The big thing is that immutable distros want the OS and software on top to be cleanly separated.
Some say to use Hombrew, which will take up quite a bit of space and will not always work (like SELinux permission issues) and I don't necessarily like it how puts all its dependencies on your PATH.
Notably, Systemd came up with system extensions. Seems complicated, have never gotten around to using them.
Then I look over at BSD land and their solution is stupidly simple. OS stuff goes into places like /usr/bin while user installed stuff goes into /usr/local/bin. I don't really see why immutable distros can't just have a normal package manager but have everything installed to a different place like /usr/local/bin and put that on the PATH.
It’s goal is not to prevent malicious changes in userspace, after the system is booted. Protections against malicious userspace modifications must come elsewhere, like SELinux, AppArmor, sandboxed apps, Wayland, etc.
Amutable's approach is a bit vague, but their homepage states: 'We are building cryptographically verifiable integrity into Linux systems. Every system starts in a verified state and stays trusted over time.' I read that as starting in a trusted state, presumably via a secureboot verified bootchain, then ensuring that the software running on the OS is in a 'trusted' state at all times. In particular, they also say "Build integrity, Boot integrity, Runtime integrity, That's Amutable" as a tag line, which reinforces the runtime nature of the validation.
What do you mean by vendor here? Initially we were discussing applications doing some sort of system integrity check to decide whether or not the application would run. But now it seems like you are referring to the distro deciding whether or not you are allowed to do things.
I could have been clearer there, I'm referring to OS vendor or distro maintainer. Someone has to be in control of what is "trusted", and it's either the administrator of the machine, or the OS vendor. If it's the administrator of the machine, a malicious actor has an attack route to update the list to include their own malware, and if it's not the administrator you end up in a Android type situation, where the OS vendor decides.
But again, these checks are just for the OS and it would not make sense to try and turn this into a DRM-like system when Secure Boot is much better suited for that task.
Secure Boot secures the boot chain, but after that has no part in maintaining the integrity of the system. I agree that it would not make sense to make this some sort of DRM like system, but that does not mean that they will not try. Pottering seems to have the ears of people who are influential enough that even his bad ideas get far more traction than they should.
And distros already control what you can and cannot do by how they choose to build the OS.
Not really, they might make some things naturally harder to do, but they all run the same kernel and can load ELF binaries. Even the most locked down, immutable, system can be made to do things the distro maintainers didn't expect.
My point is that verifying the boot chain integrity largely does not matter when it comes to user choice. While the two I mention do have restrictions, they are only philosophical, you could build a system that has these boot chain integrity checks and it not immutable. Measured Boot is great for this task because it puts the user is control, you don’t need to worry about the software being signed with some third party’s key to boot.
Indeed, verifying the boot chain does not, necessarily, limit what the admin if the machine can do. My concern is that Amutable seem to be seeking to go a lot further than that, and verify what is being executed at runtime. Depending on who controls the keys we may, very well, "need to worry about the software being signed with some third party’s key" if not to boot, then to run.
I don't think this is accurate. What Google is doing is making the whole ecosystem depend on Google's approval to be allowed to work.
In this case, they seem to be claiming they're just doing real-time checking of processes as they run (presumably stuff like checksuming loaded libraries, looking for memory overruns, etc.), and so detecting certain signs of malware or system corruption.
To be honest, based on the announcement it sounds completely unnecessary, but I don't think they're at all doing what Google is doing.
That is kinda what google does as well. It calculates checksums of certain system components and compares it to a checksum in database.
What you are describing is usually called antivirus. But they call their system "integrity". That word is used for other things in this context.
Then I have no idea what you're referring to by 'what google is doing to android and tried to do to web' because as far as I know, that isn't relevant.
What I'm describing is definitively not antivirus. Antiviruses use heuristics (and known checksums of bad things) to scan processes/files/network traffic/system calls for dangerous patterns. They're not doing real-time checksuming to detect system corruption or malfunction, they're not comparing known system files because that's complex and hard to do, and seems to be what the company is claiming here.
I have no idea what Google checksuming you're referring to but as far as I'm aware that's a not thing they're doing to android and trying to do web. Everything Linux (including Android) does some amount of checksums at certain points because they're useful, but not real-time process checksums. I assumed you were surely referring to them requiring that apps get signed by their certificates, making everything subject to their approval. Which is different from realtime checksumming for integrity.
That's not at all what this about. Poettering has given quite a few talks about this subject, that being Linux boot chain verification and integrity.
One of the core concepts is measured boot. The TPM on your CPU measures the values of various pieces of software in the boot chain. If a measurement does not match, then the system will not boot because it could be compromised.
And unlike secure boot, this is a decentralized system. It's not some corporation like Microsoft saying "this software is signed with this approved key, so it may boot". It's your own system checking the software and recording the expected value so that when you boot up, it checks again to make sure they match.
It's not about apps asking doing things like DRM checks or anything like that. In fact, it can't. GrapheneOS implements a system just like this to ensure the OS has not been tampered with.
The problem is that this value can be compared to a list of "allowed" values. Therefore it opens the gate to creating software that would require only certain "whitelisted" systems to run it. Such list can be easily updated automatically once those "whitelisted" systems update. Therefore an argument "updates would break it" do not actually work.
This is precisely how play integrity works on android. And Poettering intensions do not matter much. His system can be used like that and therefore it will be used like that.
The problem I see with that is that these values are far from regular. At the very least, the TPM will be checking the Linux kernel, bootloader, BIOS firmware. Any update to those will result in different measurements. And it's not just the version that matters, but also the configuration. And there's more things the TPM can measure, like connected hardware devices.
To reiterate, it's not the case that the distro provides a hash of what the measurement should be. When you install, the actual software gets installed gets measured and recorded. That first measurement is automatically trusted, assumed to be good. It's unique to your machine. Your machine will only boot so long as those measurements match. Those measurements only get updated when measurements are re-run, which is done after system upgrades.
Creating an allow list that works for most people would be next to impossible. The Secure Boot approach is much more suited for this task. I can only see this TPM allow-list approach working on corporate machines with controlled hardware and software updates. But at that point, using a custom secureboot key is easier and less liable to break.
ICE takes aim at data held by advertising and tech firms
ICE knocks on ad tech’s data door to see what it knows about you
: Agency looks to understand the extent of identifying information available to its masked agentsThomas Claburn (The Register)
UK police to use AI facial recognition tech linked to Israel’s war on Gaza
UK police to use AI facial recognition tech linked to Israel’s war on Gaza
Concerns rise as UK partners with controversial facial recognition company used by Israel in Gaza.Simon Speakman Cordall (Al Jazeera)
ICE’s surveillance technology goes beyond facial recognition
ICE isn’t just tracking your phone. The surveillance technology goes further than that.
Federal immigration agencies are using a vast surveillance network in Minnesota – from facial recognition technology to ‘stingrays’ that collect data by impersonating cell phone towers.Shubhanjana Das (Sahan Journal)
blog.zaramis.se/2026/01/30/kok…
Stop Killing Games Gets Over 1 Million Petition Signatures Verified By EU
Stop Killing Games Gets Over 1 Million Petition Signatures Verified By EU
I’ve been talking about the Stop Killing Games movement for some time now, so important is its mission to me. This collection of volunteers focused on video game and cultural preservation is …Techdirt
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China isn't class collaborationist, they have a dictatorship of the proletariat. The fact that the bourgeoisie exist there does not mean they have leverage over the state, and the commanding heights of industy are out of their hands. There's no such thing as class collaborationism, this is a lie told by socdems to keep the bourgeoisie on top. In reality, the state can only be under the control of a single, definite class, and in the PRC that class is the proletariat. Building up the productive forces and having significant exports as a means for technological transfer and development is a good thing, actually.
It seems it wasn't a strawman at all, really. In insisting that every nation is "hitlerite," no matter if they are socialist, imperialized, or colonized, you take a stance of inaction. This is exactly what I was getting at when I said you're phrasemongering, social chauvanism to justify inaction against imperialism and siding with the imperialists and labor aristocracy.
You also ought to know that nobody really hopes for collapse over socialist revolution in the US Empire. That would be the best for everyone, but failing that the death of the world's imperial hegemon would be dramatically positive. Dissolution of the US Empire removes the largest obstacle holding global development back, and eliminates this genocidal settler-colony once and for all.
this is what republicans do every time they're in power, they're predatory disaster capitalists...create targeted disruption/general chaos to generate "volatility/liquidity" insiders can make a killing on.
then establishment dems come in and do the same thing, but they atleast want to keep up veneer of stability and (absolute minimal) progress.
this cycle has repeated itself many times now
If China's bourgeois were truly powerless with no leverage and there's no class collaborationism going on, they wouldn't keep them and instead nationalize everything - after all, why keep a parasitic middle man that just sucks up billions in surplus value? To build up productive forces the bourgeois aren't necessary - the state could handle it just fine.
Also, despite being a "DOTP", China goes against worker interests almost every step of the way. Commodity production fundamentally relies on exploitation of workers and is in the interest of capital, the supposed proletarian party is actively letting bourgeois to join as seen with Three Represents for instance, independent labor unions are crushed, international proletariat interests are also being betrayed by China (like supporting Ukraine, their recent affairs within Africa, the junta I mentioned), economic imperialism via initiatives such as BRI, etc.
Painting a bourgeois nation red is such an effective strategy to fool leftists I swear. Maybe once third imperialist war drops, every bourgeois state is gonna be calling themselves socialist! Who knows....
nothing, because people who hope for this also think when it happens they will be the action hero that saves everyone else.
they tend to lack the understanding of complex institutional systems that safeguard things like nuclear weapons, because they basically hate/blame them for their own unhappiness with their lives.
what people fail to get is that while the USA fucks up, it is pretty good at fixing shit when it does.
a lot of the biggest economic and reform booms in our history were the product of near collapses.
people generally resist change until it's forced upon them by circumstances like depressions, wars, and oil shocks, etc.
Why does China have to nationalize the small proprietorships, agricultural cooperatives, and mid-sized secondary industries for you to accept that the bourgeoisie is kept out of political power? Markets are fairly useful for developing industry, and if private ownership has no dominance over the commanding heights of industry then that don't have political power over the socialist state. If China was controlled by the bourgeoisie, then we wouldn't see executions of billionaires at a regular basis, nor would we see such dramatic investment in infrastructure meant for the working classes.
The state could nationalize everything, sure. Under the late Mao period and during the Gang of Four, they had higher rates of public ownership, but growth was uneven. Reform and Opening Up, along with the crucial aspect of technology transfer, stableized growth and slightly increased it:
This strategy of maintaining public ownership as the principle aspect and relying on markets to help facilitate gaps left by the socialist system in a controlled manner have had dramatically positive results. They of course aren't without new contradictions, but at the same time the presence of contradictions does not imply that the bourgeoisie are in control. This approach to socialism is elaborated on by Cheng Enfu:
Currently, the PRC is working towards the intermediate stage of socialist construction, per the chart.
As for the state being run by the working classes, this is also pretty straightforward. Public ownership is the principle aspect of the economy, and the CPC, a working class party, dominates the state. At a democratic level, local elections are direct, while higher levels are elected by lower rungs. At the top, constant opinion gathering and polling occurs, gathering public opinion, driving gradual change. This system is better elaborated on in Professor Roland Boer's Socialism in Power: On the History and Theory of Socialist Governance, and we can see the class breakdown of the top of the government itself:
This is despite the Three Represents system. Overall, this system has resulted in over 90% of the population approving the government, which is shown to be consistent and accurate.
Independent labor unions aren't allowed, correct, nor do they need to be. Unions are required to be a part of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, and aren’t allowed to be independent from that federation. This isn’t a violation of worker rights, though, as the only purpose rogue unions would serve is undermining the socialist system, and would be vulnerable to foreign backing (such as from the US Empire).
BRI and the PRC's presence in Africa and the global south in general isn't imperialist either. The PRC is expanding trade, but not dominance, nor does its trade deals come at the barrel of a gun. They trade with pretty much everyone, and support their allies, but this is not imperialism. To the contrary, the PRC is acting against imperialism.
- The CPC punishing Chinese landlords for improper treatment of Africans, mass arresting the landlords, passing reforms, and apologizing to the African Union
- China has forgiven over 10 billion in foreign debt
- Belt-Road Initiative: An Anti-thesis of Colonialism
- Evo Morales speaks on claims of "Chinese imperialism
- Five Imperialist Myths About China's Role in Africa
- Is China a Better Partner for Africa than Europe and the West?
- Challenging US Imperialism with Chinese Multilateralism
- The Fallacy of Denouncing Both Sides of the US-China Conflict
And many, many more sources back this up. It's no secret that imperialists have been trying to smear China into being "no better" than the west, but the reality on the ground is that partnering with China results in mutual development and cooperation, while partnering with the west results in stripped autonomy, underdevelopment, and exploitation.
The idea that the PRC is a "bourgeois state painted red," and that that's why many Marxist-Leninists are "fooled" into supporting it, is ignoring my very clear arguments that public ownership is the principle aspect of the economy, with the working classes in charge of the state. Your most compelling argument seems to be that they could sacrifice the economic growth that Reform and Opening up brought and stuck with a more totally planned economy similar to the DPRK, but the fact that they are taking a different path does not mean that they are taking the wrong path, one where the bourgeoisie control the state and private ownership is principle, ie capitalism.
Again, your greatest error is in confusing form for essence, and only seeing similarities while ignoring differences. This causes you to make frankly absurd statements like "every nation state is hitlerite," regardless of results and structure.
The Fallacy of Denouncing ‘Both Sides’ Of The U.S.-China Conflict
In order to challenge the United States’ New Cold War on China, the left must abandon the “neither Washington nor Beijing” and “denounce both the U.S. and China” false equivalencies that inherently endorse US imperialist violence on China.Qiao Collective
the issue is americans at large don't want that. they don't vote for it and they tend to hate any candidate that supports those things.
Americans very much love the struggle bus they create for themselves. it's part of our cultural mythology. so much so that even those at the tippy top will love to tell you about how their life is a struggle of heroic overcoming of the difficult upbringing of only having mere millionaire parents.
The collapse of US hegemony is good for everyone
Good with a world of Chinese hegemony.
It has always lived beyond their means with the help of the reserve currency which won't last for long but mostly with vulgar looting and thieving from the rest of the world.
Most of what you've pointed out just now isn't even in the interest of the working class, nor is it somehow exclusive to AES states - rather, these are just common interests held by bourgeois states.
GDP growth by itself indicates greater capital accumulation, which in turn indicates that a greater degree of worker exploitation has been achieved in a commodity producing society, directly going against worker interests. Same with maintaining the existence of bourgeois and their economic position under the guise of "helping GDP grow" for obvious reasons - it's just absurd.
Aside from that, national/public ownership also doesn't automatically mean "in workers interests". For instance, majority of capitalist countries early on had or still have their means of public transportation (railroad, buses) nationally owned. Does it mean these parts were "socialist"? Of course not - cheap public transportation allows workers to travel cheaply and faster to their workplaces, which in turns allows capital to expand and accumulate value more efficiently. In other words, their purpose was capital growth.
All in all, my main point is that despite China being labeled as a DOTP, it purely advances its national capitalist interests and does nothing to advance proletarian interests. There might be incidental benefits for the proletariat here and there (as is the norm under capitalism, economic growth sometimes bringing better standard of living and infrastructure improvements), but all the actual advancements of worker interests are promised way, way into the future.
And hey - maybe China will actually achieve communist mode of production purely on its own which would largely debunk orthodox marxism, only time will tell.
then you have misidentified them, those aren't leftists.
try the same tactics anyway. you don't have to be best friends with your neighbours & agree with them on everything in order to set up a mutually beneficial system, but that system will never get made if everyone just dismisses the possibility before ever making an attempt.
Bourgeois states don't seek grand infrastructure development, aren't dominated by public ownership, and don't develop mechanisms of democracy reaching approval rates over 90%. The PRC continuously puts the working class first. The idea that development of the productive forces is bad because it implies exploitation is inherently flawed, highly developed productive forces are the basis of socialized production to begin with, as it is with this development that we can best meet the needs of everyone with as little work as possible. What's absurd is using GDP growth in an economy where public ownership as principle as a bad thing.
Secondly, I agree, nationalized infrastructure in bourgeois states, where private ownership is principle, is indeed not socialist. The PRC has public ownership as the principle aspect of the economy, and the working classes in charge of the state though, so any comparisons to, say, Bismark are entirely off-base. The PRC is qualitatively different from heavily state-driven capitalist economies like the Republic of Korea or Singapore, because in the state-driven capitalist economies private ownership governs the large firms and key industries.
I get that I'm beating a dead horse, but you keep making the same basic blunder, so I'll state it again: you confuse form for essence. You utterly ignore the principle aspect of the economy, and see presence of contradiction as evidence of subservient aspects as dominant. This error in thinking is derived from purely looking at similarities, and ignoring differences. Only seeing the general, while ignoring the particular. In other words, utterly maiming the dialectical half of dialectical materialism.
All of the actual benefits are being given to the working classes on a steady and constant basis. Their quality of life has steadily gone up dramatically year over year, in a fundamentally far greater degree than social democracies offer by ratio, without bribery from imperialism. And no, the PRC isn't saying they will achieve communism in one country, just that communism, when achieved, will fit that description. Obviously communism must be global.
Yah it will get you Tankiepoints™ out the wazoo to say you pray for the collapse of the USA but with every other country's economy tied to the US dollar, that outcome will be less than ideal when you want to go to your local market and buy food or medicine.
I get downvotes when I remind people of this fact like I'm making an argument for something. Talk to your local leaders about why they have invested so much in the US, not me.
Can’t do that without revolution.
Which is still about a century away.
The vast, vast majority of this country who are only marginally invested in politics combined the needs of capital to secure that stability will override whatever political ambitions any leadership has in the long-term. All of the current crisis is still just a flash in the pan, it will pass, the pendulum will swing the other way and the cycle will continue. I've been watching it a long ass time, I have seen nothing yet that makes me believe the country will experience wide-scale change.
It's going to get more authoritarian broadly, it's going to have more unrest and reduced rights, particularly as the climate changes and the immigration situation gets a lot more inflamed as refugees start piling up to get in, but right now, unless a LOT of people make a lot of huge changes to their media consumption habits, we're going to see a rougher, nastier status-quo for decades to come.
The USA is a HUGE boat that turns slowly, it's not one country, it's 50. And because of that, small changes have huge consequences but only decades down the line. Few people who haven't actually traveled the nation really get the scale involved and what has to change before we see lasting change.
With every crisis, with every bit of imperilism that dies, the Statesian public becomes more aware of their chains. Media is only useful for giving people narratives they want to agree with, not for convincing people outright. The Empire is dying, and with it comes dramatic radicalization. Even looking at younger generations over time, communism is rapidly rising in popularity:
Quantitative buildup is reaching qualitative leaps, like heating water until it boils. It looks like nothing's happening until suddenly everything is.
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Nah, not really. A different (not necessarily better or worse, just different) world hegemony will just emerge
Aslo the transition gonna be painful (see: yugoslav war)
that's weird, they tell me that they are leftists and that if I disagree with them at all them I'm not a leftist.
Then they lecture me about how privileged I am and I should just shut up and listen to them because my any thoughts or opinions of my own are automatically wrong because they come from a position of privileged rather than oppression. And I point out I grew up working class from a low income family. Then they tell me to go fuck myself how dare I even talk to them since I'm clearly a MAGA supporter if I am working class, and I shouldn't have been allowed to go to college because clearly I'm so stupid for not being a 'real leftist' like them.
then i'm sorry that you've had that experience.
maybe try to organise a directory of local businesses/services/shared resources etc without discussing politics at all, if it's something that gets people in your locality upset.
if your area has to deal with some extreme weather & gets flooded, for example, ensuring that everyone can stay fed & have access to medical care will be a lot easier if the groundwork has already been done in advance.
Tankiepoints™
Can I redeem my Tankiepoints at a participating retailers whenever I want, or do they expire eventually?
Except that's bullshit. What China is actually doing is taking out land and resource leases for flat fees, and then moving their own people into the Africa country to extract the resources for pennies on the yuan.
USA wasn't doing any of that. They were mostly trying to tell African governments to stop being so corrupt and putting all sorts of limits and terms on aid service. But the leaders in the governments didn't like that. They liked getting big fat checks from China for resources they had no ability to extract themselves. China is more than happy to support corrupt and dictatorial governments, because well, that's what they are. They are also more than happy to sell them weapons systems and technology for lower costs and without the restrictions that come on the US/European ones.
It's colonialism. it's just the Chinese version of it. If you are support of authoritarian colonialism and exporting dictatorial governments over democratic ones, of course you'd see China as the preferred power.
The Saudis and other rising middle powers are also trying to get in on this game. Every nation to be a hegemonic power to the extent that they can.
The US Empire (and Europe as well) is the one installing compradors. No, the US Empire isn't trying to tell people to "not be corrupt," they want that so the comoradors sell out their countries and force austerity, privatization of nationalized industries, etc. This is how imperialism works, and is why the US Empire has hundreds of overseas millitary bases while the PRC has ~3. If you nationalize your resources, the US Empire tries to destroy you, because the US Empire depends entirely on this system of super-exploiting for super-profits.
BRI and the PRC's presence in Africa and the global south in general isn't imperialist. The PRC is expanding trade, but not dominance, nor does its trade deals come at the barrel of a gun. They trade with pretty much everyone, and support their allies, but this is not imperialism. To the contrary, the PRC is acting against imperialism.
- The CPC punishing Chinese landlords for improper treatment of Africans, mass arresting the landlords, passing reforms, and apologizing to the African Union
- China has forgiven over 10 billion in foreign debt
- Belt-Road Initiative: An Anti-thesis of Colonialism
- Evo Morales speaks on claims of "Chinese imperialism
- Five Imperialist Myths About China's Role in Africa
- Is China a Better Partner for Africa than Europe and the West?
- Challenging US Imperialism with Chinese Multilateralism
- The Fallacy of Denouncing Both Sides of the US-China Conflict
And many, many more sources back this up. It's no secret that imperialists have been trying to smear China into being "no better" than the west, but the reality on the ground is that partnering with China results in mutual development and cooperation, while partnering with the west results in stripped autonomy, underdevelopment, and exploitation.
As for China's democracy, it's actually better than the US Empire by a wide margin. Public ownership is the principle aspect of the economy, and the CPC, a working class party, dominates the state. At a democratic level, local elections are direct, while higher levels are elected by lower rungs. At the top, constant opinion gathering and polling occurs, gathering public opinion, driving gradual change. This system is better elaborated on in Professor Roland Boer's Socialism in Power: On the History and Theory of Socialist Governance, and we can see the strong perceptions around this democracy:
This is despite the Three Represents system. Overall, this system has resulted in over 90% of the population approving the government, which is shown to be consistent and accurate.
Overall, you have a deeply confused notion of what's going on in the global south. The US is the world's largest empire and is colonizing the world, China is focusing on win-win economic development.
Support for government in China: is the data accurate?
Some have questioned the survey results. Are the skeptics right?Jason Hickel
Of the half billion or so actual joined-an-org-and-doing-work communists, the number who are fans of such a niche videogame category is basically a rounding error, and being a furry is even less common.
But I think I know every one of them.
Me too, but I also believe that collapse is a fundamental part of the natural cycles that govern everything in the universe. It’s hubris to think humans can exempt themselves from this natural system, and the belief that we can is a large driver of why we find ourselves here.
We can’t just skip collapse, nor can avoid it. Embrace its coming and celebrate what will grow from it.
Thats my fear. Imagine of the ppl that got trump in power got some nukes or like corpos?
Walmart or Amazon now a nuclear power is a terrible thought.
Yeah, bourgeois states would never ever develop infrastructure for market expansion and capital accumulation purposes (e.g. building up infrastructure in colonial states to facilitate exports + extract resources or undertaking massive projects such as the Suez and Panama canals), they would never ever nationalize nor have dominant national ownership of their industry for national bourgeois benefit or capital stability (like in Saudi Arabia, fascist Italy, various national oil companies), nor they would have high approval rates like seen in fascist regimes and economic boom periods (entrenched superstructures also make workers "approve" things that go against their interests). Maybe there's more DOTP's out there than I thought....
The idea that development of the productive forces is bad because it implies exploitation is inherently flawed, highly developed productive forces are the basis of socialized production to begin with
Productive forces by themselves are neutral, what matters is the underlying social relations of production. Capitalist mode of production presupposes exploitation via extraction of surplus value and market constrains, which is not only exploitative but also conflicts with the long-term worker interest that is production-for-use. Expansion of exploitation goes against working class interests, that much is hopefully obvious - you're not gonna find anyone but bourgeois or workers deep in nationalist superstructure being happy about their nation state having GDP growth.
On the other hand, a society that produces for use rather than for profit that doesn't have the exploitative surplus extraction mechanism - now that and it's growth is inherently in the interests of the working class.
China hasn't made even the most gradual of shifts towards this, it's a full on market economy that maintains the exploitative relation and sometimes merely transfers ownership around, but this doesn't materially affect the relationship between the worker and means of production.
Mere promises for the "future plans" do not alter the bourgeois essence of the economy as it stands now in China, and I highly doubt that a state maintaining this essence that is in it's national material interests will one day just do a 180, completely go against those interests and abolish the current state of things.
All of the actual benefits are being given to the working classes on a steady and constant basis. Their quality of life has steadily gone up dramatically year over year, in a fundamentally far greater degree than social democracies offer by ratio, without bribery from imperialism.
This is true for literally most capitalist countries during its active development, or after WW2. It is also a blatantly anti-marxist socdem narrative, as the marxist goal is abolishment of current state of things rather than merely making things temporarily better until capitalist contradictions inevitably catch up and result in crisis.
Yeah, bourgeois states would never ever develop infrastructure for market expansion and capital accumulation purposes (e.g. building up infrastructure in colonial states to facilitate exports + extract resources or undertaking massive projects such as the Suez and Panama canals),
Except in the PRC, infrastructure projects are explicitly made to service both the overall socialist economy, and the lives of the working classes, at the expense of the domestic bourgeoisie. Your argument is essentially "the PRC has infrastructure projects, therefore it's capitalist," and considering I already demonstrated that public ownership is the principle aspect of the economy and the state run by the working classes, we need to re-examine these infrastructure projects. You are, again, confusing form for essence, and focusing on similarities while turning a blind eye towards stark differences. Again, making a mockery of dialectical materialism.
they would never ever nationalize nor have dominant national ownership of their industry for national bourgeois benefit or capital stability (like in Saudi Arabia, fascist Italy, various national oil companies),
Except in those economies, private ownership still remained principle. This is why I brought up Bismark earlier, and that I agree that nationalized industry isn't inherently a sign of socialism. That's why, as Marxists, we need to take the dialectical materialist approach and analyze not just individual elements, but the nature of the economy as a whole. Nationalization in the context of an economy where private ownership is principle ultimately is in service of the bourgeoisie. The Republic of Korea is dominated by giant megacorps like Samsung, LG, Hyundai, etc, despite having a strong bourgeois state, while the PRC is dominated by public ownership and SOEs with a proletarian state, despite having bourgeois ownership over small and medium secondary industries.
Again, since you seem to ignore your critical lack of dialectical analysis, I'll keep pointing it out every time it comes up. You are, again, confusing form for essence, and focusing on similarities while turning a blind eye towards stark differences.
nor they would have high approval rates like seen in fascist regimes and economic boom periods (entrenched superstructures also make workers “approve” things that go against their interests). Maybe there’s more DOTP’s out there than I thought…
Except the PRC's "boom period" seems to persist even in times of instability, and for many decades at a time, while fascist regimes have been flashes in the pan and boom/bust cycles in capitalist economies are regular. The highest approval rates in capitalist economies come in times of war, yet the PRC has been at peace for many decades and still retains this approval rate.
Again, since you seem to ignore your critical lack of dialectical analysis, I'll keep pointing it out every time it comes up. You are, again, confusing form for essence, and focusing on similarities while turning a blind eye towards stark differences.
Productive forces by themselves are neutral, what matters is the underlying social relations of production. Capitalist mode of production presupposes exploitation via extraction of surplus value and market constrains, which is not only exploitative but also conflicts with the long-term worker interest that is production-for-use. Expansion of exploitation goes against working class interests, that much is hopefully obvious - you’re not gonna find anyone but bourgeois or workers deep in nationalist superstructure being happy about their nation state having GDP growth.
This is a deeply confused analysis. The PRC has public ownership as the principle aspect of the economy, not private. Growth in production is essential for actually being capable of production-for-use, and this very problem was what caused instability under the Gang of Four. The idea that the small proprietors, the secondary, small industries, and the agricultural cooperatives need to be nationalized overnight is anti-Marxist analysis. You're using phrasemongering to try to paint increased industrial capacity as something contrary to worker interests.
On the other hand, a society that produces for use rather than for profit that doesn’t have the exploitative surplus extraction mechanism - now that and it’s growth is inherently in the interests of the working class.
The backbone of China's economy is production for use, though. Exploitation is a contradiction, correct, but trying to nationalize industry before it actually socializes is unnecessary from Marxist analysis, and delays productivity. You're making the argument of the Gang of Four, that being that it's better to be working in a fully nationalized economy as a poor worker than working in partially privatized yet ultimately socialist economy with more productive capacity and access to goods and services. Marxism doesn't posit that dogmatically nationalizing is inherently better because it gets rid of exploitation, but instead takes a scientific approach to analyzing production and distribution.
China hasn’t made even the most gradual of shifts towards this, it’s a full on market economy that maintains the exploitative relation and sometimes merely transfers ownership around, but this doesn’t materially affect the relationship between the worker and means of production
Utterly baseless claims, when the economy is dominated by the public sector and Five Year Plans guide the development of the economy. I've given you multiple examples backing this up, while you return with unbacked claims counter to reality.
Mere promises for the “future plans” do not alter the bourgeois essence of the economy as it stands now in China, and I highly doubt that a state maintaining this essence that is in it’s national material interests will one day just do a 180, completely go against those interests and abolish the current state of things.
China doesn't need to pull a 180, it's already a socialist economy gradually nationalizing the small and medium secondary industries as they develop and socialize. This isn't about "future plans," they are already socialist and already in the long and protracted process of transition between capitalism and communism, ie socialism. Nowhere in my comments thus far have I stated that they need to pull a 180, they need to continue their process of folding socialized production into the public sector and maintain the DotP.
This is true for literally most capitalist countries during its active development, or after WW2. It is also a blatantly anti-marxist socdem narrative, as the marxist goal is abolishment of current state of things rather than merely making things temporarily better until capitalist contradictions inevitably catch up and result in crisis.
Except this is entirely false. The capitalist countries during active devevelopment have not directed their gains towards the benefits of the working classes, and post-WWII the capitalist countries entered an era of even greater imperialism. This, in the context of a post about the US Empire (which you batted hard to defend under the guise of worry about the labor aristocracy there), is clear social chauvanism. Further, the idea that the PRC is only making things temporarily better until "capitalist contradictions inevitably catch up and result in crisis" is entirely unfounded, as I explained earlier the PRC has been in a period of stable growth without a boom/bust cycle for decades, far longer than the capitalist world.
Repeating it because you ignored this, and accused me of being anti-Marxist and a "socdem:" you confuse form for essence. You utterly ignore the principle aspect of the economy, and see presence of contradiction as evidence of subservient aspects as dominant. This error in thinking is derived from purely looking at similarities, and ignoring differences. Only seeing the general, while ignoring the particular. In other words, utterly maiming the dialectical half of dialectical materialism.
Yes! Noe that its collapsing, surely someone will sell me their house for $300! So they can buy someone else's house for $300?
How's that gonna work?
It cannot. The housing market needs houses that are affordable without ripping people off. I propose that corporations be given "tokens" in exchange for forcibly removing their ownership from all the houses they own.
By collapsing the housing market, the price for housing would also collapse.
Walmart or Amazon now a nuclear power is a terrible thought.
Given that the US government exists to make megacorps like that as powerful as possible, they already effectively are, they're just saved the inconvenience/expense of directly maintaining their own military and nuclear stockpile.
My bigger concern tbh is a post-balkanization Texas or Utah. Evangelicals and Mormons are a whole lot more likely to let the nukes fly to bring about the end times imo.
Support for government in China: is the data accurate?
Some have questioned the survey results. Are the skeptics right?Jason Hickel
your source is an opinion column.
opinions aren't facts. polls aren't truth.
fair enough, it's just a suggestion or jumping off point, what works in one area won't necessarily work everywhere.
best of luck organising some way to make sure people in your community stay fed etc in emergencies, however you do so!
I think the point is that OP (rightfully in my opinion) realizes that that is not possible without a collapse that results in a revolution.
Our entire government and wealthy are wrapped up in defending their pedophilia. Invading US cities and kidnapping people (and foreign leaders). I think if you're not praying for a collapse at this point you are still comfortable enough to believe the lie that this system just needs "fixing" instead of a complete replacement. There is comfort in believing that. I held onto that belief for a long long time. Even knowing history was against that belief in every similar case. But it would only be for my own comfort to believe that at this point.
Careful what you wish for.
There be crooks wishing the same.
Ready with their next, worse, rigged game.
"Any other option will be just like me or worse" is the line that abusers use to keep others subjected to them.
I'm terrified of no longer being able to travel across the country without being hunted down, but I also know that the integral existence of the country is actively accelerating the polycrisis and making the world a worse place.
I would be willing to shift the burdens of risk from the whole world to just my country.
Putin also won the last election with 88% of the vote. That is a fact.
If you think that fact is truth, however, you're an idiot. Facts and statistics are often lies. I'm glad you believe in lies and the 'superiority' of the Xi's dictatorship. Go move to China then. See how that goes for you.
Putin did recieve 88% of the vote, the nationalists are popular in Russia. This is largely due to the nationalists kicking out western imperialists plundering Russia in the 90s, after the dissolution of the USSR. The CPRF is rising in popularity, though, especially as capitalism proves to be failing Russians.
You don't have any evidence backing up why you think the CPC is secretly unpopular. I've spoken to Chinese people, both currently living there and ex-pats, and they all have backed up that the Chinese government enjoys legitimate support. It's due to dramatically improving the lives of the working classes. You only have insults and vibes.
If I beat the shit out of you until you claim you love me, is that legit love?
According to you, it is.
You're right, but the other groups are usually actually actively working towards and succeeding at saboating the US's entire social discourse and putting oligarchs in power.
Tankies on the other hand don't really want to work that hard, or get it all out of their system posting AI-written manifestos on lemmy.
Within the empire itself, younger generations are increasingly in favor of communism.
As long as MLs don't hijack the revolution and betray the working class again, this is good news but the sharks are circling.
nor do they “betray the working classes.”
Are you suggesting they never expressed solidarity to the working class to begin with?
Oh it is, when we ask with bigger guns. The EU is ramping up, all those delusions about to fall appart.
Just need to get rid of the Quislings.
Ah, gotcha. When I hear "argument," I hear "debate culture," the kind of liberal bloodsports that focus mostly on rhetorical wins than finding a fundamental truth. I'm not quite using dialectics the way they were first formalized in ancient society, but instead more as a dialectical materialist. We can't come to a better understanding purely through the realm of ideas, such is the strategy of dialectical idealists, but instead we can be more cooperative in education.
As for my style, I do try to emulate the dialectical method of Marx, but I absolutely do not compare to him in skill. Practicing dialectical materialism as a method of analysis is a skill like any other, it takes repitition and intention to become more accurate. Regarding disposition, I mostly take from Liu Shaoqi's How to be a Good Communist, which helps me maintain revolutionary optimism!
Read How to Be a Good Communist(Liu Shaoqi) on ProleWiki
July 1939 , Comrades, The question I shall discuss is how members of the Communist Party should cultivate and temper themselves. It may not be unprofitable to the...ProleWiki
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While east civilization is kept under oligarchs and imperialistic assholes pretending to be "socjalist", exploited people in the east are pretending to be happy, that working class in the west will be in the same shit very soon?
Not nice :\
We should work together against imperialism, oligarchs, and exploitation.
gray
in reply to chobeat • • •